He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka insulin i ka pathogenesis o ka maʻi ate momona ʻole (NAFLD).huaʻai DʻO ka hopena o kēia noiʻi ʻana e loiloi i ka hopena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau D hou aku i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka insulin resistance i nā poʻe maʻi me NAFLD. Loaʻa nā palapala pili mai PubMed, Google. Scholar, COCHRANE a me Science Direct databases. Ua kālailai ʻia nā haʻawina i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona paʻa-hopena a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona hopena.Vitamin DʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka insulin i nā maʻi me NAFLD, i hōʻailona ʻia e ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), me kahi ʻokoʻa mean pooled o -1.06 (p = 0.0006; 95% CI -1.66 i -0.45). ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka Vitamin D i hoʻonui i ka pae serum vitamin D me ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o 17.45 (p = 0.0002; 95% CI 8.33 i 26.56).Vitamin DʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i hoʻemi ʻia nā pae ALT me kahi ʻokoʻa like ʻole o -4.44 (p = 0.02; 95% CI -8.24 i -0.65). ʻAʻohe hopena i ʻike ʻia ma nā pae AST. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Vitamin D he hopena maikaʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻoikaika insulin i nā maʻi NAFLD. Hiki ke ho'ēmi i ka HOMA-IR i loko o ia mau maʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he lāʻau adjuvant kūpono no nā maʻi NAFLD.
Nonalcoholic fatty ate maʻi (NAFLD) he pūʻulu o nā maʻi pili i ka momona 1. Hōʻike ʻia ia e ka hōʻiliʻili kiʻekiʻe o nā triglycerides i loko o nā hepatocytes, pinepine me ka hana necroinflammatory a me ka fibrosis (steatohepatitis) 2. Hiki ke holomua i ka steatohepatitis nonalcoholic (NASH), fibrosis a me ka cirrhosis.NAFLD ua manaʻoʻia he kumu nui o ka maʻi akepaʻa mau loa a ke piʻi nei ka nui o ka maʻi, ua manaʻoʻia he 25% a hiki i ka 30% o nā mākua ma nā'āina i kūkuluʻia 3,4. ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ka insulin, ka mumū, a me ke kaumaha oxidative i manaʻoʻia he mau mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o NAFLD1.
ʻO ka pathogenesis o NAFLD pili pili loa i ka insulin resistance. Ma muli o ke kumu hoʻohālike "ʻelua-hit hypothesis", pili ka insulin resistance i ke kaʻina hana "first-hit". hepatocytes, kahi i manaʻoʻia ai ke kū'ēʻana o ka insulin he kumu kumu nui i ka uluʻana o ka hepatic steatosis. ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana o nā cytokines proinflammatory, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, a me ka lipid peroxidation kekahi mau mea e hiki ke kōkua i ka uluʻana o kaʻeha ate, i hoʻokumuʻia e adipokines.
ʻO ka Vitamin D kahi huaʻa momona momona e hoʻoponopono ai i ka homeostasis iwi. Ua ʻimi nui ʻia kona kuleana ma kahi ʻano o nā kūlana olakino non-skeletal e like me metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular-related maʻi. ʻO ka nui o nā hōʻike ʻepekema ua ʻimi i ka pilina ma waena o ka huaora D a me ka NAFLD. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Vitamin D e hoʻoponopono i ka pale ʻana o ka insulin, ka ʻeha mau a me ka fibrosis.
Ua loiloi kekahi mau ho'āʻo hoʻokele randomized (RCTs) i ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka vitamina D ma ke kū ʻana o ka insulin. Akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā hopena i loaʻa;e hōʻike ana i ka hopena maikaʻi i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka insulin a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana i kekahi pōmaikaʻi7,8,9,10,11,12,13. ʻOiai nā hopena kū'ē, pono ka meta-analysis e loiloi i ka hopena holoʻokoʻa o ka supplementation vitamin D. Ua hana ʻia ma mua14,15,16.A meta-analysis e Guo et al.Including ʻeono mau haʻawina e loiloi ana i ka hopena o ka huaora D ma ka insulin resistance e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike nui e loaʻa i ka vitamin D ka hopena maikaʻi i ka sensitivity insulin14. Akā naʻe, ʻo kekahi meta- Ua ʻike ʻo Pramono et al15 ʻaʻohe hopena o ka lāʻau vitamin D hou i ka naʻau o ka insulin. ʻO ka heluna kanaka i komo i loko o ke aʻo ʻana he poʻe me a i ʻole ka pilikia o ka insulin resistance, ʻaʻole nā mea i kuhikuhi pono ʻia no NAFLD. ʻAʻole i emi iho ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka Vitamin D i ka HOMA IR16. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā meta-analyses mua ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui vitamin D no ka pale ʻana i ka insulin, kahi upda.Pono ʻia ka meta-analysis me nā palapala hou hou. ʻO ke kumu o kēia haʻawina ʻo ia ka loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka huaora D ma ke kū ʻana o ka insulin.
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papahana hulina kiʻekiʻe, ua loaʻa iā mākou he 207 mau haʻawina, a ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana, loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻatikala 199. Ua kāpae mākou i nā ʻatikala 182 ma ka nānā ʻana i nā poʻo inoa a me nā abstracts, e waiho ana i ka huina o 17 mau haʻawina kūpono. Nā haʻawina i hāʻawi ʻole i nā ʻike āpau koi 'ia no kēia meta-analysis a i 'ole i loa'a ka kikokikona piha 'ana 'a'ole i ho'okomo 'ia. Ma hope o ka nānā 'ana a me ka loiloi qualitative, ua loa'a mai 'ehiku 'atikala no ka loiloi 'ōnaehana o kēia manawa a me ka meta-analysis. .
Ua hoʻokomo mākou i nā ʻatikala piha piha o ʻehiku mau hoʻāʻo i hoʻoponopono ʻia (RCTs). nā kau a me nā lōʻihi o nā mea hoʻohui huaʻai D, ʻoiai ua loaʻa i ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu kahi placebo. Hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā hopena noiʻi a me nā ʻano haʻawina ma ka Papa 1.
Ua kālailai ʻia ka pōʻino o ka manaʻo ʻino me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka Cochrane Collaboration.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka Vitamin D e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana o ka insulin i nā maʻi me ka NAFLD, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻemi ʻana o HOMA-IR. Ma muli o kahi kumu hoʻohālikelike hopena (I2 = 67%; χ2 = 18.46; p = 0.005), ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka vitamina D a ʻaʻohe huaora. ʻO ka hoʻonui D he -1.06 (p = 0.0006; 95% CI -1.66 i -0.45) (kiʻi 3).
Ma muli o ke kumu hoʻohālike random-effects (Figure 4), ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i hui ʻia i ka serum vitamin D ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka vitamin D he 17.45 (p = 0.0002; 95% CI 8.33 a i ka 26.56). E like me ka loiloi, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka vitamin D supplementation i ka serum vitamina D pae ma ka 17.5 ng/mL. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ka hopena o ka huaʻai D supplementation i nā enzymes ate ALT a me AST i nā hopena like ʻole. Ua hōʻemi ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Vitamin D i nā pae ALT me kahi ʻokoʻa i hui pū ʻia o -4.44 (p = 0.02; 95% CI -8.24 i -0.65) (Figure 5). Akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe hopena i ʻike ʻia no nā pae AST, me kahi ʻokoʻa like ʻole o -5.28 (p = 0.14; 95% CI - 12.34 a i 1.79) e pili ana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike hopena. Helu 6).
Hoʻololi i ka HOMA-IR ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huaora D i hōʻike i ka heterogeneity nui (I2 = 67%). ʻO nā loiloi meta-regression o ke ala o ka hoʻokele (waha a i ʻole intramuscular), lawe ʻia (i kēlā me kēia lā a i ʻole kēlā me kēia lā), a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka huaora D (≤ 12 pule a me> 12 pule) manaʻo e hiki ke wehewehe i ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i ka heterogeneity (Table 2).Ua hoʻohana ʻo 11 i ke ala waha o ka lawelawe ʻana. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā o nā mea hoʻohui huaʻai D i hoʻohana ʻia i ʻekolu mau haʻawina7,8,13. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka naʻau hou ma ka haʻalele-hoʻokahi-waho ka nānā ʻana o nā loli i HOMA-IR ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka huaora D i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻohe kuleana o ke aʻo ʻana. ka heterogeneity o nā hoʻololi i HOMA-IR (Fig. 7).
Ua ʻike ʻia nā hopena i hoʻohui ʻia o ka meta-analysis o kēia manawa e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka huaora D hou aku i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka insulin, kahi hōʻailona o ka hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o HOMA-IR i nā maʻi me NAFLD. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ala o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka vitamina D, ma ka intramuscular injection a i ʻole ma ka waha. .Ka noʻonoʻo hou aʻe o kona hopena i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka insulin resistance e hoʻomaopopo i nā loli o ka serum ALT a me ka pae AST. Ua ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o nā pae ALT, akā ʻaʻole nā pae AST, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka vitamin D.
ʻO ka hanana o NAFLD pili loa i ka insulin resistance.ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o nā momona momona (FFA), ka mumū o ke kino, a me ka emiʻana o ka adiponectin ke kuleana no ka uluʻana o ka insulin resistance i ka NAFLD17. Ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe nuiʻia ka Serum FFA i nā maʻi NAFLD, a laila hoʻololiʻia. i triacylglycerols ma o ke ala glycerol-3-phosphate. ʻO kekahi huahana o kēia ala he ceramide a me diacylglycerol (DAG). e pili ana me ka ho'ēmi 'ana i ka insulin. 'O ka mumū o ke kiko adipose a me ka ho'onui 'ana i nā cytokine proinflammatory e like me interleukin-6 (IL-6) a me ka tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) e kōkua pū i ke kū'ē o ka insulin. No ka adiponectin, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoikaika. ka pale ʻana o ka fatty acid beta-oxidation (FAO), ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka glucose a me ka synthesis o ka momona.e pili ana i ka vitamina D, aia ka vitamin D receptor (VDR) i loko o nā pūnaʻi ate a ua hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kaʻina hana inflammatory i ka maʻi ate mau. Loaʻa iā D nā waiwai anti-inflammatory a anti-fibrotic i loko o ke ake19.
Hōʻike nā hōʻike o kēia manawa e pili ana ka hemahema o ka vitamin D i ka pathogenesis o kekahi mau maʻi. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia manaʻo no ka loulou ma waena o ka hemahema o ka vitamin D a me ka insulin resistance20,21. Hoʻohana ka Vitamin D i kāna kuleana kūpono ma o ka launa pū ʻana me VDR a me nā enzyme metabolizing vitamin D. Loaʻa paha kēia i nā ʻano cell he nui, me nā cell beta pancreatic a me nā cell insulin-responsive e like me adipocytes. ʻO ka hale kūʻai nui o ka huaora D i loko o ke kino he kiko adipose. He kumu nui hoʻi ia o nā adipokines a me nā cytokines a komo i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana systemic.
Hāʻawi ʻia i kēia hōʻike, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka vitamina D e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka insulin i nā maʻi NAFLD. meta-analysis na Guo et al.ʻO ka loiloi ʻana i ka hopena o ka huaora D ma ke kūʻē ʻana o ka insulin e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike nui e loaʻa paha ka hopena maikaʻi o ka huaora D i ka ʻike insulin.95% CI - 2.30, - 0.34. ʻO nā haʻawina i hoʻokomo ʻia e loiloi i ka HOMA-IR he ʻeono mau haʻawina 14. Akā naʻe, aia nā hōʻike kūʻē. ʻO ka naʻau o ka insulin i nā poʻe me ka insulin resistance a i ʻole ka pilikia o ka insulin resistance i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hopena ʻē aʻe o ka vitamina D ʻAʻohe hopena o ka ʻike insulin, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa maʻamau -0.01, 95% CI -0.12, 0.10;p = 0.87, I2 = 0% 15. Akā naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka heluna kanaka i loiloi ʻia i ka meta-analysis he poʻe me ka paʻakikī a i ʻole ka pilikia o ka insulin resistance (overweight, obesity, prediabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] and uncomplicated type 2 diabetes), ma mua o ka NAFLD maʻi 15. ʻO kekahi meta-analysis e Wei et al. Ua loaʻa pū nā ʻike like. Ma ka loiloi o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka vitamin D i HOMA-IR, me nā haʻawina ʻehā, ʻaʻole i hōʻemi ka supplementation vitamin D i ka HOMA IR (WMD = 0.380, 95% CI - 0.162, 0.923; p = 0.169) 16. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā ʻikepili āpau i loaʻa, ʻo ka loiloi ʻōnaehana o kēia manawa a me ka meta-analysis e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike hou aku o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka vitamin D e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka insulin i nā maʻi NAFLD, e like me ka meta-analysis. na Guo et al. ʻOiai ua mālama ʻia nā meta-analyses like, ua hāʻawi ka meta-analyse i kēia manawa i kahi palapala hou e pili ana i nā hoʻāʻo hoʻokele randomized a pēlā e hāʻawi ai i nā hōʻike ikaika no ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka vitamina D ma ka insulin r.esistance.
Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka hopena o ka huaora D i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka insulin e kāna hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono i ka huna ʻana o ka insulin a me nā pae Ca2 +. Hiki i ka Calcitriol ke hoʻomaka pololei i ka huna ʻana o ka insulin no ka mea aia ka huaʻala D pane pane (VDRE) i loko o ka mea hoʻolaha gene insulin aia ma ka pancreatic beta cell.ʻAʻole wale ka transcription o ka insulin gene, akā ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo VDRE e hoʻoulu i nā ʻano genes e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka cytoskeleton, intracellular junctions, a me ka ulu ʻana o nā cell pancreatic cβ cell. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ʻo Vitamin D e hoʻopili i ka hoʻoikaika insulin ma o ka modulating Ca2 + flux.No ka mea he mea nui ka calcium no kekahi mau kaʻina intracellular i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka insulin i loko o ka ʻiʻo a me ka ʻiʻo adipose, hiki ke komo ka huaora D i kona hopena i ke kū ʻana o ka insulin. Pono nā pae Ca2+ intracellular maikaʻi loa no ka hana insulin. hoʻonui ʻia ka Ca2+, e hoʻemi ana i ka hana GLUT-4, e pili ana i ka insulin resistance26,27.
Ua ʻike hou ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka huaora D i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka insulin e hōʻike i kona hopena i ka hana o ka ate, i ʻike ʻia i nā loli i nā pae ALT a me AST. supplementation.A meta-analysis by Guo et al.showed a borderline reduction in ALT levels, with no effect on AST levels, like this study14.Ather meta-analysis study by Wei et al.2020 also found no different in serum alanine aminotransferase a me ka aspartate aminotransferase pae ma waena o ka huaʻai D supplementation a me nā hui placebo.
Hoʻopaʻapaʻa pū nā loiloi systematic o kēia manawa a me nā meta-analyses i nā palena. ʻO ka heterogeneity o ka meta-analysis o kēia manawa ua hoʻololi i nā hopena i loaʻa i kēia noiʻi. ʻO kekahi mea e noʻonoʻo ai e aʻo i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i ka NAFLD, e like me ka hopena o ka vitamin D supplementation i nā maʻi NAFLD ma nā ʻāpana inflammatory, NAFLD activity score (NAS) a me ka paʻakikī o ka ate. I ka hopena, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka vitamin D i ka insulin resistance i nā poʻe maʻi me NAFLD, kahi hōʻailona i hoʻemi ʻia ʻo HOMA-IR.
Hoʻoholo ʻia nā koina kūpono ma ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka manaʻo PICO. ʻO ke kāʻei i wehewehe ʻia ma ka Papa 3.
ʻO ka loiloi systematic o kēia manawa a me ka meta-analysis e pili ana i nā haʻawina āpau a hiki i Malaki 28, 2021, a hāʻawi i ka kikokikona piha, e loiloi ana i ka hoʻokele vitamin D hou i nā mea maʻi me NAFLD. Ua kāpae ʻia nā ʻatikala a pau i hāʻawi ʻole i ka ʻikepili i koi ʻia e hana i ka meta-analysis o kēia manawa.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka loiloi i nā haʻawina o nā poʻe maʻi NAFLD makua e loaʻa ana i ka hoʻokele vitamin D. Ua loiloi ʻia ke kūpaʻa insulin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR).
ʻO ka hana i nānā ʻia ʻo ia ka lawelawe ʻana i ka huaora D. Ua hoʻokomo mākou i nā haʻawina i lawelawe ʻia ai ka huaora D ma kēlā me kēia ʻano, ma ke ʻano o ka lawelawe ʻana, a no kēlā me kēia manawa. .
ʻO ka hopena nui i noiʻi ʻia i ka loiloi ʻōnaehana o kēia manawa a me ka meta-analysis ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insulin. Ma kēia ʻano, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka HOMA-IR e hoʻoholo ai i ke kū ʻana o ka insulin i nā maʻi. ) (IU / l) a me ka aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (IU / l).
E unuhi i nā Koina Eligibility (PICO) i nā huaʻōlelo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana Boolean (eg OR, AND, NOT) a me nā ʻōlelo āpau a i ʻole MeSH (Medical Subject Heading). ʻenekini e ʻimi i nā puke pai kūpono.
Ua lawe ʻia ke kaʻina hana koho haʻawina e nā mea kākau ʻekolu (DAS, IKM, GS) e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke wehe i nā haʻawina pili pono. records.Title and abstract screening no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā haʻawina pili ʻole. Ma hope mai, ua loiloi hou ʻia nā haʻawina i hala i ka loiloi mua e loiloi inā ua hoʻokō lākou i nā pae hoʻokomo a me ka wehe ʻana no kēia loiloi.
Ua hoʻohana nā mea kākau a pau i nā palapala hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili uila e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili i koi ʻia mai kēlā me kēia ʻatikala.
ʻO nā mea ʻikepili ka inoa o ka mea kākau, makahiki o ka paʻi ʻana, ke ʻano haʻawina, ka heluna kanaka, ka nui o ka huaora D, ka lōʻihi o ka lawelawe ʻana i ka huaora D, ka nui o ka laʻana, ka makahiki, ka HOMA-IR kumu, a me nā pae kumu vitamin D. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo HOMA-IR ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka vitamin D ma waena o ka mālama ʻana a me nā pūʻulu hoʻomalu.
No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻatikala a pau e kū ana i nā koina kūpono no kēia loiloi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hana loiloi koʻikoʻi maʻamau.
ʻO ka mea hana loiloi koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia loiloi ʻo ka Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias of bias.
ʻO ka hui ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma HOMA-IR me ka ʻole o ka vitamina D i nā maʻi me NAFLD. Wahi a Luo et al., inā hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ke ʻano he median a i ʻole ka laulā o Q1 a me Q3, e hoʻohana i ka calculator e helu i ka mean. a me Wan et al.28,29 Hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka hopena ma ke ʻano he mau ʻokoʻa me 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi (CI). Ua hana ʻia nā loiloi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hopena paʻa a i ʻole. ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hopena maoli, me nā waiwai > 60% e hōʻike ana i ka heterogeneity nui. (Hoʻokahi haʻawina i ka manawa i holoi ʻia a hana hou ʻia ka nānā ʻana). Ua manaʻo ʻia nā waiwai p <0.05 he mea nui. Ua hana ʻia nā meta-analyses me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Review Manager 5.4, ua hana ʻia nā loiloi sensitivity me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūʻolo polokalamu helu helu (Stata 17.0). no Windows), a ua hana ʻia nā meta-regressions me ka Integrated Meta-Analysis Software Version 3.
Wang, S. et al.Vitamin D supplementation i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai momona ʻole i ka maʻi diabetes type 2: Protocols for a systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine 99(19), e20148.https://doi.org/10.1097 /MD.00000000000020148 (2020).
Barchetta, I., Cimini, FA & Cavallo, MG Vitamin D supplementation a me ka maʻi ʻaʻai momona ʻole: i kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana.Nutrients 9 (9), 1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091015 (2017).
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