Sarrafa helminthiasis da ke cikin ƙasa a cikin Philippines: labarin ya ci gaba |Cututtukan Talauci

Cutar cutar helminth (STH) da aka watsar da ƙasa ta daɗe tana da mahimmancin matsalar lafiyar jama'a a Philippines.A cikin wannan bita, mun bayyana halin yanzu na STH kamuwa da cuta a can kuma yana nuna matakan kulawa don rage nauyin STH.

Soil-Health
An ƙaddamar da shirin sarrafa magunguna na STH na ƙasa baki ɗaya (MDA) a cikin 2006, amma gabaɗayan yaduwar STH a cikin Philippines ya kasance mai girma, kama daga 24.9% zuwa 97.4%. Ci gaba da haɓakawa na iya zama saboda ƙalubalen da ke tattare da aiwatar da MDA. ciki har da rashin sanin mahimmancin magani na yau da kullum, rashin fahimta game da dabarun MDA, rashin amincewa da magungunan da ake amfani da su, tsoron mummunan al'amura, da rashin amincewa da shirye-shiryen gwamnati gabaɗaya.Tsarin shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta da tsabta (WASH) sun riga sun shiga. wuri a cikin al'ummomi [misali, shirye-shiryen gama gari (CLTS) da al'umma ke jagoranta waɗanda ke ba da bandakuna da tallafin ginin banɗaki] da makarantu [misali, shirin WANKA na makaranta (WINS)], amma ana buƙatar aiwatar da ci gaba don cimma sakamakon da ake so.Duk da yaɗuwar jama'a. koyar da WASH a makarantu, hadewar STH a matsayin cuta da kuma batun al'umma a cikin tsarin karatun firamare na gwamnati na yanzu bai isa ba.Ana ci gaba da kimantawa.Za a buƙaci shirin Integrated Helminth Control Programme (IHCP) a halin yanzu a cikin ƙasar, wanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta tsafta da tsafta, ilimin kiwon lafiya da rigakafin cutar chemotherapy. Dorewar shirin ya kasance kalubale.
Duk da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na shawo kan kamuwa da cutar STH a Philippines cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, ana ci gaba da samun karuwar cutar STH a duk faɗin ƙasar, maiyuwa saboda ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto na MDA da gazawar shirye-shiryen WASH da kiwon lafiya..Bayar da ci gaba mai dorewa na tsarin kulawa da haɗin gwiwa zai ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafawa da kawar da STH a Philippines.
Cututtukan helminth da ke kamuwa da ƙasa (STH) sun kasance babban matsalar lafiyar jama'a a duk duniya, tare da kiyasin kamuwa da cutar fiye da mutane biliyan 1.5 [1].STH yana shafar matalauta al'ummomin da ke fama da rashin samun isasshen ruwa, tsafta da tsafta (WASH) [2] , da 3];kuma yana da yawa a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, tare da yawancin cututtuka da ke faruwa a sassa na Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka [4].Yaran da ke da shekaru 2 zuwa 4 (PSAC) da yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 12 (SAC) sun kasance. Mafi saukin kamuwa da cuta, tare da mafi yawan yaduwa da tsananin kamuwa da cuta.Bayanan da ake samu sun nuna cewa fiye da 267.5 miliyan PSACs da fiye da 568.7 miliyan SACs suna zaune a cikin wuraren da ke da mummunar watsa STH kuma suna buƙatar rigakafin rigakafi [5] An kiyasta nauyin nauyin STH na duniya. zama shekaru miliyan 19.7-3.3 na nakasa-daidaita rayuwa (DALYs) [6, 7].

Intestinal-Worm-Infection+Lifecycle
Cutar cututtuka na STH na iya haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin ci gaba na jiki da haɓaka, musamman ma a cikin yara [8].Magungunan STH mai tsanani yana haifar da cututtuka [9,10,11]. tare da mace-mace mafi girma da kuma ƙara yawan kamuwa da cuta zuwa wasu cututtuka [10, 11] . Abubuwan da ke tattare da waɗannan cututtuka na iya rinjayar ba kawai kiwon lafiya ba har ma da yawan tattalin arziki [8, 12].
Philippines kasa ce mai karancin kudi da matsakaita. A cikin 2015, kusan kashi 21.6% na al'ummar Philippines miliyan 100.98 sun rayu a kasa da layin talauci na kasa [13]. Hakanan yana da mafi girman yaduwar STH a kudu maso gabashin Asiya [14] .2019 bayanai daga WHO Preventive Chemotherapy Database ya nuna cewa kusan yara miliyan 45 suna cikin hadarin kamuwa da cuta na bukatar magani [15].
Kodayake an fara aiwatar da manyan ayyuka da yawa don sarrafawa ko katse watsawa, STH ya kasance da yawa sosai a cikin Philippines [16] A cikin wannan labarin, muna ba da cikakken bayani game da halin yanzu na STH kamuwa da cuta a cikin Philippines;haskaka ƙoƙarin sarrafawa na baya da na yanzu, rubuta ƙalubalen kalubale da matsalolin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen, kimanta tasirinsa akan rage nauyin STH, da kuma samar da ra'ayi mai yiwuwa don kula da tsutsotsi na hanji . Samuwar wannan bayanin zai iya ba da tushe don tsarawa da aiwatarwa dorewa shirin kula da STH a cikin kasar.
Wannan bita yana mai da hankali kan nau'ikan cututtukan STH guda huɗu na yau da kullun - roundworm, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus da Ancylostoma duodenale.Ko da yake Ancylostoma ceylanicum yana fitowa a matsayin nau'in hookworm mai mahimmanci na zoonotic a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, taƙaitaccen bayani yana samuwa a halin yanzu a cikin Philippines kuma ba za a tattauna ba. nan.
Kodayake wannan ba bita ba ne na tsari, tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin wallafe-wallafen shine kamar haka. Mun bincika binciken da ya dace da ke ba da rahoton yawan STH a cikin Philippines ta amfani da bayanan yanar gizo na PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, da Google Scholar. Wadannan kalmomi sun kasance. ana amfani da su azaman kalmomi a cikin binciken: ("Helminthiases" ko tsutsotsi na ƙasa" ko "STH" ko "Ascaris lumbricoides" ko "Trichuris trichiura" ko "Ancylostoma spp." ko "Necator americanus" ko "Roundworm" ko "Whichworm" ko "Hookworm") da ("Epidemiology") da ("Philippines").Babu ƙuntatawa akan shekarar bugawa.Abubuwan da aka gano ta hanyar ma'auni na bincike an fara tantance su ta take da abubuwan da ba a tantance ba, waɗanda ba a bincika aƙalla Labarai guda uku waɗanda ke da yawa ko ƙarfin ɗayan STH ba an cire su.Cikakkun bayanan rubutu sun haɗa da na lura (bangare-tsalle, sarrafa shari'a, dogon lokaci/ ƙungiya) ko gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa da ke ba da rahoton yaɗuwar asali.Bayanan bayanan sun haɗa da yanki na binciken, shekara ta nazarin, shekara ta wallafe-wallafen, nau'in nazarin (giciye-sashe, kula da shari'ar, ko tsayin daka / ƙungiya), girman samfurin, yawan binciken, yawan da kuma tsanani na kowane STH, da kuma hanyar da aka yi amfani da shi don ganewar asali.
Dangane da binciken wallafe-wallafe, an gano jimillar bayanan 1421 ta hanyar binciken bayanai [PubMed (n = 322);Matsakaicin (n = 13);ProQuest (n = 151) da Google Scholar (n = 935). ).
Tun daga 1970s, an gudanar da bincike da yawa a cikin Filipinas don sanin yawancin cututtuka da kuma tsanani na STH. Teburin 1 ya nuna taƙaitaccen binciken da aka gano.Bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin bincike na STH a cikin waɗannan nazarin sun bayyana a tsawon lokaci, tare da formalin. Hanyar ether maida hankali (FEC) akai-akai da aka yi amfani da ita a farkon kwanakin (1970-1998) .Duk da haka, an yi amfani da fasaha na Kato-Katz (KK) a cikin shekaru masu zuwa kuma ana amfani dashi azaman hanyar bincike na farko don saka idanu kan hanyoyin sarrafa STH a cikin ƙasa. safiyo.
Cutar STH ta kasance kuma ta kasance babbar matsalar kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Philippines, kamar yadda binciken da aka gudanar daga 1970s zuwa 2018 ya nuna. Tsarin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da kuma cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar. mafi yawan kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta da aka rubuta a cikin PSAC da SAC [17].Wadannan ƙungiyoyin shekaru suna cikin haɗari mafi girma saboda waɗannan yara galibi suna fuskantar STH a cikin saitunan waje.
A tarihi, kafin aiwatar da Shirin Gudanar da Haɗin Helminth na Ma'aikatar Lafiya (IHCP), yawancin kowane kamuwa da STH da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani a cikin yara masu shekaru 1-12 sun kasance daga 48.6-66.8% zuwa 9.9-67.4%, bi da bi.
Bayanan STH daga Binciken Schistosomiasis na kasa na shekaru daban-daban daga 2005 zuwa 2008 ya nuna cewa kamuwa da cutar STH ya yadu a cikin manyan yankuna uku na kasar, tare da A. lumbricoides da T. trichiura musamman a cikin Visayas [16].
A shekara ta 2009, masu bin bibiya na 2004 [20] da Sami na shirye-shiryen sth na STH na ƙasa don tantance lokacin da Sthp [266% a PSC (66% a cikin PSC. (66% a cikin PSC binciken) da 44.7% a cikin SAC (54% a cikin binciken 2006) [26] .Waɗannan alkalumman sun ragu da yawa fiye da waɗanda aka ruwaito a cikin binciken bincike guda biyu da suka gabata. Yawan kamuwa da cutar STH mai ƙarfi ya kasance 22.4% a cikin PSAC a cikin 2009 (ba kwatankwacin hakan) binciken na 2004 saboda ba a ba da rahoton yawancin cututtuka masu tsanani ba) da 19.7% a cikin SAC (idan aka kwatanta da 23.1% a cikin binciken 2006), raguwar 14% [26]. STH a cikin yawan jama'ar PSAC da SAC ba su cika maƙasudin 2020 da WHO ta ayyana ba na jimlar yawan ƙasa da 20% da matsanancin kamuwa da cutar STH na ƙasa da 1% don nuna kulawar cututtuka [27, 48].
Sauran nazarin da aka yi amfani da binciken bincike na parasitological da aka gudanar a lokuta masu yawa (2006-2011) don saka idanu kan tasirin MDA na makaranta a cikin SAC ya nuna irin wannan yanayin [22, 28, 29].Sakamakon waɗannan binciken ya nuna cewa yawan STH ya ragu bayan da yawa zagaye na MDA. ;duk da haka, duk wani STH (kewaye, 44.3% zuwa 47.7%) da kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani (kewaye, 14.5% zuwa 24.6%) da aka ruwaito a cikin binciken da aka biyo baya Gabaɗayan cutar ta kasance mai girma [22, 28, 29], kuma yana nuna cewa Yaɗuwar har yanzu ba ta faɗi zuwa matakin da WHO ta ayyana ba (Table 1).
Bayanai daga wasu karatun bayan gabatarwar IHCP a cikin Philippines a cikin 2007-2018 sun nuna ci gaba da yawan STH a cikin PSAC da SAC (Table 1) [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38, 39] .Yawancin duk wani STH da aka ruwaito a cikin waɗannan binciken ya kasance daga 24.9% zuwa 97.4% (ta KK), kuma yawancin cututtuka masu tsaka-tsaki zuwa matsananci sun kasance daga 5.9% zuwa 82.6%.A.lumbricoides da T. trichiura sun kasance mafi yawan STHs, tare da haɓaka daga 15.8-84.1% zuwa 7.4-94.4%, yayin da hookworms sukan kasance suna da ƙananan ƙananan, daga 1.2% zuwa 25.3% [30,31, 32,33]. , 34,35,36,37,38,39] (Table 1) .Duk da haka, a cikin 2011, wani binciken da aka yi amfani da kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar halitta (qPCR) ta nuna yawan ƙwayar hookworm (Ancylostoma spp.) na 48.1 % [45].Co-kamuwa da cuta na mutane tare da A. lumbricoides da T. trichiura kuma an lura da su akai-akai a cikin binciken da yawa [26, 31, 33, 36, 45].
Hanyar KK ta ba da shawarar ta hanyar WHO don sauƙin amfani da shi a cikin filin da ƙananan farashi [46], musamman don kimanta shirye-shiryen jiyya na gwamnati don sarrafa STH. Duk da haka, an ba da rahoton bambance-bambance a cikin yawan STH tsakanin KK da sauran cututtuka. nazarin 2014 a Lardin Laguna, kowane kamuwa da STH (33.8% na KK vs 78.3% na qPCR), A. lumbricoides (20.5% KK vs 60.8% na qPCR) da T. trichiura (KK 23.6% vs 38.8% na qPCR). Hakanan akwai kamuwa da cutar hookworm [6.8% yaduwa;ya hada da Ancylostoma spp. (4.6%) da N. americana (2.2%)] an gano su ta amfani da qPCR kuma an yi musu hukunci mara kyau ta KK [36]. Ana iya yin la'akari da yawan ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta gaske saboda saurin lysis na ƙwai na hookworm yana buƙatar saurin juyawa. don shirye-shiryen zane-zane na KK da karantawa [36,45,47], tsarin da sau da yawa yana da wuya a cimma a karkashin yanayin filin. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwai na nau'in hookworm ba su da bambanci a cikin yanayin halitta, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin kalubale don ganewa daidai [45].
Babban dabarun kula da STH da WHO ta ba da shawarar ta mayar da hankali kan yawan maganin cutar sankarau tare daalbendazoleko mebendazole a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari masu haɗari, tare da burin magance aƙalla 75% na PSAC da SAC ta 2020 [48]. matan da ke da haihuwa (shekaru 15-49, ciki har da wadanda ke cikin na biyu da na uku trimesters) suna samun kulawa ta yau da kullum [49]. Bugu da ƙari, wannan jagorar ya haɗa da yara ƙanana (watanni 12-23) da 'yan mata masu tasowa (shekaru 10-19) [49]. 49], amma ya keɓance shawarwarin da suka gabata don kula da manyan ma'aikata masu haɗari [50] .WHO yana ba da shawarar MDA na shekara-shekara ga yara ƙanana, PSAC, SAC, 'yan mata matasa, da mata na haihuwa a cikin yankunan da STH ke yaduwa tsakanin 20% da 50 %, ko kuma na shekara-shekara idan yawan yaduwa ya wuce 50%. Ga mata masu juna biyu, ba a kafa tazarar jiyya ba [49] . Baya ga rigakafin chemotherapy, WHO ta jaddada ruwa, tsafta da tsafta (WASH) a matsayin muhimmin sashi na kula da STH. 48, 49].
An ƙaddamar da IHCP a cikin 2006 don ba da jagorancin manufofi don kula da STH da sauran cututtuka na helminth [20, 51].Wannan aikin ya bi tsarin kula da STH da WHO ta amince da shi, tare daalbendazoleko mebendazole chemotherapy a matsayin babban dabarun kula da STH, niyya ga yara masu shekaru 1-12 shekaru da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari kamar mata masu juna biyu, mata masu tasowa, manoma, masu kula da abinci da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen sarrafawa kuma suna cika ta hanyar shigar da ruwa. da wuraren tsafta da kuma inganta kiwon lafiya da hanyoyin ilimi [20, 46].
MDA na shekara-shekara na PSAC ana gudanar da shi ne ta musamman daga sassan kiwon lafiya na barangay (kauye), ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na barangay da ma'aikatan kula da rana a cikin saitunan al'umma kamar Garantisadong Pambata ko "Yara Lafiya" (kunshin samar da aikin) na Sabis na Lafiya na PSAC) , yayin da SAC's MDA ke kulawa da aiwatar da shi ta Sashen Ilimi (DepEd) [20].MDA a makarantun firamare na gwamnati ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar malamai karkashin jagorancin ma'aikatan lafiya a lokacin farkon watanni na farko da na uku na kowace shekara [20]. 2016, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da sababbin ka'idoji don haɗawa da tsutsotsi a makarantun sakandare (yara a ƙarƙashin 18) [52].
MDA na farko na shekara-shekara na ƙasa an gudanar da shi a cikin yara masu shekaru 1-12 a cikin 2006 [20] kuma ya ba da rahoton ɗaukar hoto na 82.8% na 6.9 miliyan PSACs da 31.5% na 6.3 miliyan SACs [53]. Duk da haka, ɗaukar hoto na MDA ya ragu sosai daga 2009. zuwa 2014 (kewayon 59.5% zuwa 73.9%), adadi akai-akai ƙasa da ma'aunin da WHO ta ba da shawarar na 75% [54].Ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto na iya zama saboda rashin sanin mahimmancin jiyya na yau da kullun [55], rashin fahimtar MDA dabarun [56, 57], rashin amincewa da magungunan da aka yi amfani da su [58], da kuma tsoron abubuwan da ba su da kyau [55, 56, 58, 59, 60].An ba da rahoton jin tsoro na lahani na haihuwa a matsayin dalili daya da ya sa mata masu ciki suka ƙi maganin STH. [61].Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan samarwa da kayan aiki na magunguna na MDA an gano su azaman manyan gazawar da aka fuskanta wajen aiwatar da MDA a duk faɗin ƙasar [54].
A cikin 2015, DOH ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da DepEd don karbar bakuncin Ranar Deworming Day na Makaranta na farko (NSDD), wanda ke da nufin korar SACs kusan miliyan 16 (maki 1 zuwa 6) da suka yi rajista a duk makarantun firamare na jama'a a rana ɗaya [62].Wannan makarantar. yunƙurin da aka kafa ya haifar da ƙimar ɗaukar cutar deworming na ƙasa na 81%, sama da na shekarun baya [54] Amma, bayanan karya da ke yawo a cikin al'umma game da mutuwar tsutsotsin yara da kuma amfani da magungunan da suka ƙare ya haifar da tashin hankali da fargaba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rahotanni na abubuwan da ba su da kyau bayan MDA (AEFMDA) a cikin Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao [63] . Duk da haka, nazarin binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa kasancewa wani batu na AEFMDA yana hade da wani tarihin baya na deworming [63].
A cikin 2017, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta gabatar da sabon maganin rigakafi na dengue kuma ta ba da shi ga 'yan makaranta kusan 800,000. Samun wannan maganin ya haifar da damuwa mai mahimmanci na tsaro kuma ya haifar da rashin amincewa a shirye-shiryen DOH, ciki har da shirin MDA [64, 65]. Sakamakon haka, ɗaukar hoto ya ragu daga 81% da 73% na PSAC da SAC a cikin 2017 zuwa 63% da 52% a cikin 2018, kuma zuwa 60% da 59% a 2019 [15].
Bugu da kari, bisa la'akari da annobar COVID-19 na duniya na yanzu (cutar coronavirus 2019), Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da sanarwar Sashe mai lamba 2020-0260 ko Jagorar wucin gadi don Hadakar Shirye-shiryen Kula da Helminth da Shirye-shiryen Sarrafawa da Kawar Schistosomiasis yayin COVID- 19 Cutar 》” Yuni 23, 2020, ta tanadi dakatar da MDA har sai an sami ƙarin sanarwa.Sakamakon rufe makarantu, al'umma na yau da kullun suna lalata yara masu shekaru 1-18, suna rarraba magunguna ta hanyar ziyartar gida-gida ko ƙayyadaddun wurare, yayin da ake ci gaba da nisantar da jiki da niyya COVID-19-19 da ya dace rigakafin kamuwa da cuta da matakan sarrafawa [66].Koyaya, ƙuntatawa kan motsin mutane da damuwar jama'a saboda cutar ta COVID-19 na iya haifar da ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto.
WASH yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da aka yi don sarrafa STH da IHCP [20, 46] ya bayyana.Wannan shiri ne wanda ya ƙunshi hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, ciki har da Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Kananan Hukumomi (DILG), Ƙananan Hukumomi (DILG). LGU) da ma’aikatar ilimi.Shirin WASH na al’umma ya hada da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha, karkashin jagorancin ma’aikatun kananan hukumomi, tare da tallafin DILG [67], da kuma inganta tsaftar muhalli da DOH ta aiwatar da taimakon kananan hukumomi, samar da bandakuna da kuma bandaki. tallafin gina bandaki [68, 69]] .A halin yanzu, shirin WASH a makarantun firamare na gwamnati yana karkashin kulawar ma'aikatar ilimi tare da hadin gwiwar ma'aikatar lafiya.
Sabbin bayanai daga Hukumar Kididdiga ta Philippine (PSA) 2017 Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Kasa ya nuna cewa kashi 95% na gidajen Filipino suna samun ruwan sha daga ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa, tare da mafi girma (43%) daga ruwan kwalba kuma 26% kawai daga tushen bututu. 70] samu shi. Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na gidaje na Filipino har yanzu suna amfani da wuraren tsaftar da ba su gamsarwa [70];kusan 4.5% na yawan jama'a na yin bayan gida a fili, aikin da ya ninka a yankunan karkara (6%) kamar na birane (3%) [70].
Wasu rahotanni sun nuna cewa samar da wuraren tsaftar muhalli kadai baya bada garantin amfani da su, kuma baya inganta tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar muhalli [32, 68, 69].Daga cikin gidajen da ba su da bayan gida, dalilan da aka fi ambata na rashin inganta tsafta sun hada da shingen fasaha (watau. rashin sarari a cikin gida don bayan gida ko tanki mai tsafta a kusa da gida, da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi ƙasa kamar yanayin ƙasa da kusancin hanyoyin ruwa), mallakar ƙasa da rashin kuɗi [71, 72].
A cikin 2007, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Philippine ta amince da tsarin tsaftar muhalli na jama'a (CLTS) ta hanyar Tsarin Ci gaban Kiwan lafiya mai dorewa na Gabashin Asiya [68, 73] CLTS ra'ayi ne na tsafta gabaɗaya wanda ya haɗa da ɗabi'a iri-iri kamar tsayawa a buɗe. najasa, tabbatar da kowa ya yi amfani da bandaki mai tsafta, yawan wanke hannu da kyau, tsaftace abinci da ruwa, tsabtace dabbobi da sharar dabbobi, da ƙirƙirar da kiyaye muhalli mai tsafta da aminci [68, 69]. Hanyar CLTS, matsayin ODF na ƙauye ya kamata a ci gaba da kula da shi ko da bayan ayyukan CLTS ya ƙare. Duk da haka, yawancin bincike sun nuna babban yawan STH a cikin al'ummomin da suka sami matsayi na ODF bayan aiwatar da CLTS [32, 33].Wannan na iya zama saboda haka. don rashin amfani da wuraren tsafta, yuwuwar sake dawo da bayan gida, da ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto na MDA [32].
Shirye-shiryen WASH da aka aiwatar a makarantu suna bin manufofin da DOH da DepEd suka buga. A cikin 1998, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiyar Lafiya na Philippine (IRR) (PD No. 856) [74].Wannan IRR. ya tsara ka’idoji da ka’idoji na tsaftar makarantu da tsaftace muhalli masu gamsarwa, ciki har da bayan gida, samar da ruwa, da kula da kuma kula da wadannan wuraren [74] Amma, kimanta yadda ma’aikatar ilimi ta aiwatar da shirin a wasu lardunan da aka zaba ya nuna cewa jagororin sun kasance. ba a aiwatar da shi sosai ba kuma tallafin kasafin kuɗi bai wadatar ba [57, 75, 76, 77].Saboda haka, sa ido da kimantawa suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da dorewar aiwatar da shirin na ma'aikatar ilimi ta WASH.
Bugu da kari, don samar da kyawawan halaye na kiwon lafiya ga dalibai, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta ba da odar Sashen (DO) Lamba 56, Mataki na 56.2009 mai taken "Nan da nan gina ruwa da wuraren wanke hannu a duk makarantu don rigakafin mura A (H1N1)" da DO No. .65, ku.2009 mai suna "Essential Health Care Program (EHCP) ga 'ya'yan makaranta" [78, 79] .Yayin da aka tsara shirin farko don hana yaduwar H1N1, wannan kuma yana da alaka da kula da STH. Wannan karshen ya bi tsarin da ya dace da makaranta kuma yana mai da hankali kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na makaranta guda uku: wanke hannu da sabulu, gogewa tare da man goge baki a matsayin ayyukan ƙungiyar yau da kullun, da MDA na shekara-shekara na STH [78, 80].A cikin 2016, EHCP yanzu an haɗa shi cikin shirin WASH In Schools (WINS) .Ya fadada ya hada da samar da ruwa, tsaftar muhalli, sarrafa abinci da shirye-shirye, inganta tsafta (misali, kula da tsaftar al'ada), tsutsotsi, da ilimin kiwon lafiya [79].
Ko da yake gabaɗaya an saka WASH a cikin manhajojin makarantun firamare [79], har yanzu ba a samu shigar cutar STH a matsayin cuta da matsalar lafiyar jama'a ba.Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a zaɓaɓɓun makarantun firamare na gwamnati a lardin Cagayan ya ba da rahoton cewa ilimin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da WASH shine. ya dace da duk ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da matakin aji da nau'in makaranta ba, kuma an haɗa shi cikin batutuwa da yawa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai.Wayar da kan jama'a (watau, ana gabatar da kayan da ke inganta ilimin kiwon lafiya a gani a cikin azuzuwan, wuraren WASH, da kuma a duk faɗin makarantar) [57].Duk da haka, wannan binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa malamai suna buƙatar horar da STH da deworming don zurfafa fahimtar su game da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma mafi kyau. fahimtar STH a matsayin batun kiwon lafiyar jama'a, gami da: batutuwan da suka shafi watsa STH, haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, haɗarin kamuwa da cuta zai fitar da bayan tsutsotsi a buɗe bayan gida da kuma tsarin sake kamuwa da cuta a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta [57].
Sauran nazarin sun kuma nuna dangantaka tsakanin ilimin kiwon lafiya da yarda da magani [56, 60] yana ba da shawarar cewa ingantaccen ilimin kiwon lafiya da haɓakawa (don inganta ilimin STH da kuma gyara kuskuren MDA game da jiyya da fa'idodi) na iya ƙara yawan halartar jiyya na MDA da karɓa [56], 60].
Bugu da ƙari kuma, an gano mahimmancin ilimin kiwon lafiya wajen yin tasiri mai kyau da halayen da suka shafi tsafta a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ake aiwatar da WASH [33, 60].Kamar yadda binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna, bayan gida ba dole ba ne saboda rashin shiga bandaki. 32, 33].Abubuwa irin su bude wuraren batsa da rashin amfani da wuraren tsafta na iya rinjayar sakamakon buɗaɗɗen bayan gida [68, 69]. 81.Saboda haka, hada dabarun inganta harkar kiwon lafiya da dabarun inganta hanji da tsafta, da karbuwa da kuma amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa na kiwon lafiya, yana bukatar a hada su don ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan WASH.
Bayanan da aka tattara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata sun nuna cewa yawan kamuwa da cutar STH a tsakanin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 12 a Philippines ya kasance mai girma, duk da kokarin da gwamnatin Philippine ke yi. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kalubale na shiga MDA da kuma kula da kulawa suna buƙatar zama. An gano shi don tabbatar da babban ɗaukar hoto na MDA. Har ila yau yana da daraja la'akari da tasiri na kwayoyi guda biyu da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu a cikin shirin kula da STH (albendazole da mebendazole), kamar yadda aka ruwaito manyan cututtuka na T. trichiura mai ban tsoro a wasu binciken da aka yi a Philippines [33, 34, 42].An ba da rahoton cewa magungunan biyu ba su da tasiri a kan T. trichiura, tare da haɗin maganin 30.7% da 42.1%albendazoleda mebendazole, bi da bi, da 49.9% da 66.0% raguwa a spawning [82] . Ganin cewa kwayoyi biyu suna da ƙananan tasirin warkewa, wannan zai iya samun tasiri mai mahimmanci a yankunan da Trichomonas ke da yawa. nauyin helminth a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar da ke ƙasa da iyakar abin da ya faru, amma tasiri ya bambanta a tsakanin nau'in STH. Musamman, magungunan da ke wanzu ba su hana sake dawowa ba, wanda zai iya faruwa nan da nan bayan jiyya. Saboda haka, ana iya buƙatar sababbin magunguna da hanyoyin haɗin magunguna a nan gaba [83]. .
A halin yanzu, babu wani magani na MDA na wajibi ga manya a cikin Philippines.IHCP yana mai da hankali ne kawai akan yara 1-18 shekaru, da kuma zaɓin deworming na sauran ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari kamar mata masu juna biyu, mata matasa, manoma, masu kula da abinci. da yawan jama'a na asali [46].Duk da haka, ƙirar lissafin kwanan nan [84,85,86] da sake dubawa na yau da kullun da meta-bincike [87] suna ba da shawarar cewa faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen deworming na al'umma don rufe duk ƙungiyoyin shekaru na iya rage yawan STH a cikin yawan jama'a masu haɗari.- Ƙungiyoyin yara makaranta masu haɗari. Duk da haka, ƙaddamar da MDA daga gudanarwar miyagun ƙwayoyi da aka yi niyya zuwa ga al'umma gaba ɗaya na iya samun muhimmiyar tasiri na tattalin arziki ga shirye-shiryen kula da STH saboda buƙatar ƙara yawan albarkatu. Duk da haka, ingantaccen magani mai mahimmanci. yaƙin neman zaɓe na filariasis na lymphatic a cikin Philippines yana nuna yuwuwar samar da jiyya ga al'umma gabaɗaya [52].
Ana sa ran sake dawowar cututtuka na STH yayin da yakin MDA na makaranta a kan STH a fadin Philippines ya ƙare saboda ci gaba da cutar ta COVID-19. Tsarin lissafin kwanan nan ya nuna cewa jinkiri a cikin MDA a cikin manyan saitunan STH na iya nuna makasudin kawar da STH. a matsayin matsalar kiwon lafiyar jama'a (EPHP) ta 2030 (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin cimma <2% yawan kamuwa da matsakaitan-zuwa-ƙarfi a cikin SAC [88]) na iya yiwuwa ba za a iya cimma ba, kodayake dabarun ragewa don gyara zagaye na MDA da aka rasa ( watau mafi girman ɗaukar hoto na MDA,> 75%) zai zama mai fa'ida [89].Saboda haka, ƙarin dabarun kulawa don haɓaka MDA ana buƙatar gaggawa don yaƙar kamuwa da STH a Philippines.
Baya ga MDA, katsewar watsawa yana buƙatar sauye-sauyen halayen tsafta, samun ruwa mai tsafta, da ingantaccen tsafta ta hanyar ingantaccen shirye-shiryen WASH da CLTS.A ɗan takaici, duk da haka, an sami rahotannin wuraren tsaftar muhalli da ba a yi amfani da su ba a wasu al'ummomi, wanda ke nuni da yanayin. kalubale a aiwatar da WASH [68, 69, 71, 72].Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton yawaitar STH a cikin al'ummomin da suka sami matsayin ODF bayan aiwatar da CLTS saboda sake dawo da halayen bayan gida da ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto na MDA [32]. Sanin STH da inganta ayyukan tsafta sune muhimman hanyoyin da za a rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta kuma ainihin kari ne mai rahusa ga shirye-shiryen MDA da WASH.
Ilimin kiwon lafiya da aka bayar a makarantu na iya taimakawa wajen ƙarfafawa da haɓaka ilimin gabaɗaya da sanin STH tsakanin ɗalibai da iyaye, gami da fa'idodin da ake tsammani na deworming.Shirin "Magic Glasses" misali ne na wani ci gaba mai zurfi na ilimi na kiwon lafiya a makarantu. wani ɗan gajeren zane mai ban dariya ne wanda aka tsara don ilmantar da ɗalibai game da kamuwa da cutar STH da rigakafin, yana ba da tabbacin-ka'idodin cewa ilimin kiwon lafiya zai iya inganta ilimi da tasiri halin da ke da alaka da kamuwa da STH [90].An fara amfani da hanyar a cikin daliban firamare na kasar Sin a Hunan. Lardi, da abin da ya faru na kamuwa da cutar STH ya ragu da 50% a makarantun shiga tsakani idan aka kwatanta da makarantun kulawa (rabo maras kyau = 0.5, 95% tazarar amincewa: 0.35-0.7, P <0.0001) .90. An daidaita wannan kuma an gwada shi sosai. a Philippines [91] da Vietnam;Kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da haɓakawa don ƙananan yankin Mekong, ciki har da daidaitawa ga ciwon daji na Opisthorchis hanta na ciwon daji. Kwarewa a yawancin kasashen Asiya, musamman Japan, Koriya da lardin Taiwan na kasar Sin, ya nuna cewa ta hanyar MDA, kula da tsabta da tsabta kamar yadda ya kamata. wani ɓangare na tsare-tsaren kula da ƙasa, ta hanyar hanyoyin da aka kafa a makaranta da Haɗin kai na triangular don kawar da kamuwa da STH yana yiwuwa tare da cibiyoyi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masana kimiyya [92,93,94].
Akwai ayyuka da yawa a cikin Filipinas waɗanda suka haɗa da sarrafa STH, irin su WASH / EHCP ko WINS da aka aiwatar a makarantu, da CLTS da aka aiwatar a cikin al'ummomi. Duk da haka, don samun damar ci gaba da ci gaba, ana buƙatar babban haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiwatar da shirin.Saboda haka, rarrabawa. tsare-tsare da yunƙurin ƙungiyoyi masu yawa kamar Philippines' don sarrafa STH kawai zai iya yin nasara tare da haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci, haɗin gwiwa da goyon bayan karamar hukuma.Tallafin gwamnati don siye da rarraba magunguna da fifikon sauran sassan tsare-tsaren kulawa, irin su. a matsayin ayyukan inganta tsafta da ilimin kiwon lafiya, ana buƙatar don hanzarta cimma burin EPP na 2030 [88]. Kokarin rigakafin.In ba haka ba, daidaita tsarin kula da STH da aka riga aka kalubalanci zai iya haifar da mummunar tashin hankali na jama'a na dogon lokaci.Sakamakon.
Kusan shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, Philippines ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don shawo kan kamuwa da cutar ta STH. Duk da haka, yawan rahoton STH ya kasance mai girma a duk faɗin ƙasar, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙarancin MDA da gazawar shirye-shiryen WASH da kiwon lafiya. MDAs na tushen da fadada MDAs na al'umma;saka idanu sosai kan tasirin miyagun ƙwayoyi yayin abubuwan da suka faru na MDA da bincika haɓakawa da amfani da sabbin magungunan antihelminthic ko haɗin magunguna;da kuma samar da ɗorewa na WASH da ilimin kiwon lafiya a matsayin cikakkiyar hanyar kai hari don sarrafa STH a nan gaba a Philippines.
Who.Soil-borne helminth infection.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections.An shiga Afrilu 4, 2021.
Strunz EC, Addiss DG, Stocks ME, Ogden S, Utzinger J, Freeman MC. Ruwa, tsafta, tsabta, da kuma ƙasa-haɗaɗɗen helminth cututtuka: nazari na tsarin da meta-analysis.PLoS Medicine.2014;11(3):e1001620 .
Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, Savioli L, Molyneux DH.Ajiye ƙasan biliyan ta hanyar sarrafa rashin kula da cututtuka na wurare masu zafi.Lancet.2009;373(9674):1570-5.
Shirye-shiryen RL, Smith JL, Jasrasaria R, Brooke SJ. Lambobin kamuwa da cuta na duniya da nauyin cututtuka na cututtukan helminth da ke dauke da ƙasa, 2010.Parasite vector.2014;7:37.
Wanene.2016 Takaitacciyar Aiwatar da Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya: Karye Biliyan Daya. Littattafan cututtukan mako-mako.2017;40(92):589-608.
DALYs GBD, mai haɗin gwiwa H. Global, yanki, da nakasa-daidaita shekarun rayuwa (DALYs) da kuma tsawon rai na lafiya (HALE) don cututtuka na 315 da raunin da ya faru, 1990-2015: Nazarin tsari na 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study.Lancet .2016;388 (10053): 1603-58.
Cutar GBD, rauni C.Global nauyin cututtuka 369 da raunin da ya faru a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna 204, 1990-2019: Nazarin tsari na 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study.Lancet.2020;396(10258):1204-22.
Jourdan PM, Lamberton PHL, Fenwick A, Addiss DG.Soil-borne helminth infection.Lancet.2018;391(10117):252-65.
Gibson AK, Raverty S, Lambourn DM, Huggins J, Magargal SL, Grigg ME.Polyparasitism yana hade da ƙara yawan cututtuka a cikin Toxoplasma-infected marine sentinel jinsunan.PLoS Negl Trop Dis.2011;5(5):e1142.


Lokacin aikawa: Maris 15-2022