Anju Goel, MD, MPH, likita ne wanda ya ƙware a lafiyar jama'a, cututtuka, ciwon sukari, da manufofin kiwon lafiya.
Penicillin wani maganin rigakafi ne da ake amfani da shi don magance wasu nau'ikan cututtuka na ƙwayoyin cuta. Abubuwan da aka saba da su sun haɗa da gudawa da bacin rai, kuma wasu mutane na iya samun rashin lafiyar penicillin - illa daga mai laushi zuwa mai tsanani.
Ana iya ba da penicillin ta baki, ko kuma a yi masa allura ta cikin jijiya (IV, a cikin jijiya), ko ta cikin tsoka (IM, a cikin babbar tsoka).
Dukkan nau'ikan penicillin ana samun su, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, daga naman gwari da ake kiraPenicilliumchrysogenum.
Masanin kimiyya dan Scotland Alexander Fleming ya gano penicillin a cikin 1929 lokacin da ya gane cewa al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta da gangan da aka gurbata da "ruwan 'ya'yan itace" suna kashe naman gwari. Sai a 1941 ne masana kimiyya suka sami nasarar ware, tsarkakewa da gwada maganin a farkon su. haƙuri, mai amfani a zamanin da maganin rigakafi.
A cikin 1960s, masana kimiyya sun sami damar samar da maganin penicillin na farko na semisynthetic wanda zai iya magance nau'ikan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. A lokaci guda, sun fara gane barazanar juriya na penicillin, wanda nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu jure wa ƙwayoyin cuta suka fara fitowa. kuma ya bazu cikin jama'a.
A yau, adadin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da cikakkiyar juriya ko juzu'i ga magungunan penicillin na asali, gami da Neisseria gonorrhea (gonorrhea) da Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) mai jurewa methicillin.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, nau'in ciwon huhu na kwayan cuta, da kuma wasu nau'ikan Clostridium da Listeria suma sun zama marasa jin daɗin waɗannan maganin rigakafi.
Yin amfani da maganin rigakafi da yawa don haɓaka girma a cikin dabbobi an san shi don ƙara haɗarin ƙwayoyin cuta masu jure wa ƙwayoyi, ciki har da superbugs, a ko'ina cikin jerin abinci.Saboda wannan damuwa na duniya da ke girma, Amurka ta hana amfani da maganin rigakafi don inganta ci gaban dabba a cikin 2017.
Penicillinssuna cikin babban dangin magungunan da ake kira maganin rigakafi na beta-lactam. Waɗannan magungunan suna da irin wannan tsarin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya ƙunshi zobe na atom guda huɗu da ake kira beta-lactams.Kowace nau'in penicillin yana da ƙarin sarƙoƙi na gefe wanda ke ƙayyade aikinsa.
Penicillin yana aiki ne ta hanyar ɗaure ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta akan bangon kwayan cuta wanda ake kira peptidoglycan. Lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta suka rabu, penicillin yana hana sake tsarin sunadarai na yau da kullun a bangon tantanin halitta, yana sa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta su fashe kuma su mutu cikin sauri.
Penicillins na halitta sune waɗanda aka fitar kai tsaye daga P. chrysogenum naman gwari.Akwai penicillins na halitta guda biyu.
Ana samar da penicillin Semi-synthetic a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma yayi kama da sinadarai da aka samo a cikin P. chrysogenum. Akwai nau'ikan penicillins guda huɗu na semisynthetic, gami da maganin rigakafi da aka saba amfani da su kamar amoxicillin da ampicillin.
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan yana da ɗan ƙaramin tsari na ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ana iya gudanar da shi daban fiye da sauran nau'ikan.
Wasu penicillins ba su da aikin kashe kwayoyin cuta kai tsaye. Ana amfani da su a cikin haɗin gwiwa don taimakawa wajen shawo kan juriya na penicillin.Misali, clavulanic acid yana toshe wani enzyme da aka ɓoye ta kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (beta-lactamase) wanda ke hana ayyukan rigakafi na beta-lactam.
Ana amfani da penicillins don magance cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta - ba sa maganin ƙwayoyin cuta, fungal ko cututtukan parasitic.Wadannan magungunan yawanci suna da tasiri akan ƙwayoyin cuta Gram-positive, nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da peptidoglycan a wajen bangon tantanin su. , Layer peptidoglycan an binne a karkashin wani Layer na lipid Kwayoyin, sa shi da wuya ga kwayoyi don samun damar kwayoyin.
Kwayoyin da ke da gram-tabbatacce waɗanda za a iya bi da su tare da penicillin sun haɗa da Clostridium, Listeria, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, da Streptococcus.
Penicillins na halitta - penicillin G da penicillin V - har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau don maganin wasu cututtuka na ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun.
Sabanin haka, maganin rigakafi na semisynthetic kamar amoxicillin-daya daga cikin maganin rigakafi da aka fi amfani dashi a yau-ana amfani da su don magance nau'in cututtuka na numfashi, fata da ƙwayoyin cuta irin su H. pylori, cutar Lyme da kuma m otitis media.
Yin amfani da penicillin da ba shi da lakabi ya zama ruwan dare, kodayake magunguna irin su amoxicillin da ampicillin sun fi na halitta.penicillinYin amfani da lakabin kashewa ya haɗa da kula da marasa lafiya mai tsanani tare da sepsis ko kuma jarirai tare da matsanancin damuwa na numfashi. Ko da yake, waɗannan magungunan ana amfani da su don irin waɗannan dalilai, amma ana la'akari da su wajibi ne lokacin da babu wasu zaɓuɓɓukan magani.
Wani lokaci ana amfani da penicillin G don magance cututtukan haɗin gwiwa na prosthetic, cutar Lyme, da leptospirosis. Ana amfani da penicillin V a wasu lokuta kashe-lakabin don magance cutar Lyme da kafofin watsa labarai na otitis, ko don hana kamuwa da cuta a cikin mutanen da ke karɓar dashen kwayar halitta.
Penicillin na iya yin tasiri sosai idan aka yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata.Ko da haka, a wasu lokuta, maganin ba ya da tasiri wajen kawar da cutar. amsa ga penicillin.
An fara gwajin ne ta hanyar horar da kwayoyin cutar da aka dauka daga swabs na ruwan jiki sannan kuma a fallasa kwayoyin cutar kai tsaye ga nau'ikan penicillin daban-daban a dakin gwaje-gwaje. mutuwa.
Penicillin yana hana idan kun kasance mai rashin lafiyar kowane magani a cikin dangin penicillin. Hakanan ya kamata ku yi hankali idan kun sami mummunan halayen halayen ƙwayar cuta a baya, ciki har da anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson ciwo (SJS), ko epidermal necrosis mai guba. (TEN).
Idan kun sami rashin lafiyar penicillin G ko penicillin V a baya, kuna iya (amma ba lallai ba ne) ku kasance masu rashin lafiyar penicillins masu sinadarai kamar amoxicillin ko ampicillin.
Mutanen da ke fama da penicillin ya kamata su yi amfani da wasu maganin rigakafi na beta-lactam tare da taka tsantsan saboda haɗarin rashin lafiyar giciye, ko da yake haɗarin yana da ƙananan. da Suprax (cefixime).
Idan kun damu cewa kuna iya rashin lafiyar penicillin, za ku iya yin gwajin rashin lafiyar fata don ganin ko kuna da ra'ayin ɗan ƙaramin adadin maganin da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin fata.
Hakanan ya kamata a yi amfani da penicillin tare da taka tsantsan idan kuna fama da gazawar koda (koda) mai tsanani. Penicillin galibi ana fitar da shi ta hanyar koda, kuma raguwar aikin koda na iya haifar da tarin magungunan zuwa matakan guba. na tashin hankali, ruɗani, suma, rashin jin daɗi, kuma, a lokuta da ba kasafai ba, suma.
Shawarwar allurai na penicillin G da penicillin V na iya bambanta dangane da cutar da shekarun mutumin da ake jiyya.
Dangane da girke-girke, ana auna kashi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A cikin manya, yawanci ana auna kwayoyi a cikin raka'a ko milligrams (mg) . rana) ko a cikin raka'a kowace kilogram na nauyin jiki kowace rana (raka'a/kg/rana).
Idan kuna da cututtukan koda, kuna iya buƙatar rage adadin penicillin ku don hana guba na miyagun ƙwayoyi.Lokacin da izinin creatinine (ma'auni na aikin koda) ya faɗi ƙasa da milliliters 10 a minti daya (mL/min), ana ba da shawarar rage kashi.
A daya bangaren kuma, idan kana kan hemodialysis, za ka iya bukatar karin kashi domin hemodialysis na iya gaggauta cire penicillin daga jininka.
Penicillin G yana samuwa azaman maganin da aka riga aka haɗa ko azaman foda don sake gyarawa tare da Ruwan Bakararre don allura.Za'a iya adana abubuwan da aka riga aka haɗa a cikin firiji ko injin daskarewa, yayin da ana iya adana abubuwan foda a cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin ɗaki.
Penicillin V yana samuwa azaman kwamfutar hannu ta baka ko azaman foda mai ɗanɗanon ceri gauraye da ruwa. Dukansu suna da lafiya don adanawa a cikin zafin jiki. Da zarar foda ya sake dawowa, yakamata a adana shi a cikin firiji kuma a jefar da shi bayan kwanaki 14.
Penicillin V ya kamata a sha a cikin komai a ciki don tabbatar da yawan sha.Ya kamata a sha aƙalla sa'a ɗaya kafin ko sa'o'i biyu bayan cin abinci.
Idan kun rasa adadin penicillin V, ɗauki shi da zarar kun tuna. Idan lokaci ya kusa don ɗaukar na gaba, tsallake adadin kuma ci gaba da shan shi kamar yadda aka saba. Kada ku taɓa ninka adadin.
Koyaushe shan penicillin kamar yadda aka umarce ku kuma ku aikata.Kada ku daina kawai don jin daɗi. Kuna buƙatar kammala karatun gabaɗaya don kawar da duk ƙwayoyin cuta.Da zarar an daina magani, ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ninka.
Yawancin illolin na penicillin suna da sauƙi kuma masu wucewa kuma suna warwarewa da kansu ba tare da magani ba.Amma wani lokacin illolin na iya zama mai tsanani, har ma da barazanar rayuwa, kuma suna buƙatar kulawa na gaggawa.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke tattare da amfani da penicillin shine haɗarin rashin lafiyar tsarin da ake kira anaphylaxis.
Rashin lafiyan zai iya haifar da mummunan lahani idan ba a kula da shi ba.Yana iya haifar da girgiza, suma, numfashi ko gazawar zuciya, har ma da mutuwa.
Nemi kulawar gaggawa idan kun fuskanci wasu ko duk alamun rashin lafiyar bayan shan kashi na penicillin:
A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, penicillin na iya haifar da nephritis na tsaka-tsaki mai tsanani, cututtukan koda mai kumburi sau da yawa yakan haifar da rashin amsawar rigakafi ga miyagun ƙwayoyi. Alamomin sun haɗa da tashin zuciya, kurji, zazzabi, gajiya, raguwar fitowar fitsari, riƙe ruwa, da amai.Mafi yawan lokuta sune m, amma wasu na iya zama mai tsanani kuma suna haifar da mummunan rauni na koda.
Kamar kowane maganin rigakafi, penicillin yana da alaƙa da ƙara haɗarin C. difficile gudawa. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da ke cikin hanji ana lalata su ta hanyar maganin rigakafi, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwayoyin C. difficile su ninka. Yawancin lokuta suna da sauƙi kuma ana iya magance su. , amma C. difficile an san yana haifar da fulminant colitis, megacolon mai guba, da mutuwa a lokuta da ba kasafai ba.
Penicillin gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar lafiya yayin daukar ciki da shayarwa. Shaida a cikin ɗan adam ba ta da yawa, amma nazarin dabbobi ya nuna babu haɗarin cutar da tayin.
Idan kina da ciki, kuna shirin yin ciki, ko shayarwa, yi magana da mai kula da lafiyar ku don fahimtar fa'idodi da haɗarin amfani da penicillin.
Yawancin kwayoyi kuma suna iya yin hulɗa tare da penicillin, yawanci ta hanyar fafatawa don cirewar koda.Wannan yana ƙara yawan adadin penicillin a cikin jini da haɗarin illa da guba na miyagun ƙwayoyi.Wasu magungunan na iya hanzarta cire penicillin daga jiki kuma suna rage tasirin maganin.
Don guje wa hulɗa, ko da yaushe sanar da mai kula da lafiyar ku game da duk wani magungunan da kuke sha, ko takardar sayan magani, kan-kan-kananan, kayan abinci, na ganye, ko na nishaɗi.
Biyan kuɗi zuwa wasiƙun labarai na kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun kuma sami nasihun yau da kullun don taimaka muku rayuwa mafi koshin lafiya.
Lobanovska M, Pilla G. Binciken Penicillin da juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta: darussa na gaba?Yale Journal of Biomedical Sciences.2017;90 (1): 135-45.
Founou LL, Founou RC, Essack SY. Magungunan rigakafi a cikin sarkar abinci: yanayin ƙasa mai tasowa.pre-microbes.2016;7:1881.doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01881
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 25-2022