Tšoaetso ea helminth (STH) ea mobu e 'nile ea e-ba bothata ba bohlokoa ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba Philippines.Tlhahlobong ena, re hlalosa boemo ba hona joale ba tšoaetso ea STH moo mme re totobatsa mehato ea ho laola ho fokotsa moroalo oa STH.
Lenaneo la naha ka bophara la tsamaiso ea meriana ea STH (MDA) le ile la qalisoa ka 2006, empa ho ata ha STH ka kakaretso Philippines ho ntse ho le holimo, ho tloha ho 24.9% ho ea ho 97.4%. ho kenyeletsa ho hloka tlhokomeliso ea bohlokoa ba phekolo ea kamehla, ho se utloisisane ka maano a MDA, ho se tšepe meriana e sebelisoang, tšabo ea liketsahalo tse mpe, le ho se tšepe mananeo a 'muso ka kakaretso.Mananeo a teng a metsi, likhoerekhoere le bohloeki (WASH) a se a ntse a le teng. beha metseng [mohlala, mananeo a pharalletseng a tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere a tsamaisoang ke sechaba (CLTS) a fanang ka matloana le ho fana ka lithuso tsa kaho ea matloana] le likolong [mohlala, leano la WASH (WINS) ea sekolo], empa ts'ebetsong e tsoelang pele e ea hlokahala ho fihlela sephetho se lakatsehang.Ho sa tsotellehe ho ata ho pharaletseng. ho ruta WASH likolong, ho kopanngoa ha STH e le lefu le taba ea sechaba kharikhulamong ea hona joale ea thuto ea mathomo ea sechaba e ntse e sa lekana.Tlhahlobo e tsoelang peleho tla hlokahala bakeng sa Lenaneo le Kopanetsoeng la Taolo ea Helminth (IHCP) le ntseng le le teng ka har'a naha, le shebaneng le ho ntlafatsa tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere le bohloeki, thuto ea bophelo bo botle le chemotherapy e thibelang.Ho tšoarella ha lenaneo e ntse e le phephetso.
Ho sa tsotellehe boiteko bo matla ba ho laola ts'oaetso ea STH Philippines lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, ts'oaetso e ntseng e tsoela pele ea STH e tlalehiloe ho pholletsa le naha, mohlomong ka lebaka la tšireletso e fokolang ea MDA le mefokolo ea WASH le mananeo a thuto ea bophelo bo botle..Ho fana ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa mokhoa o kopanetsoeng oa taolo o tla tsoela pele ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola le ho felisa STH Philippines.
Mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka helminth (STH) a ntse a le bothata bo tebileng ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba lefatšeng ka bophara, ho hakanngoa hore ho na le tšoaetso ea batho ba fetang limilione tse likete tse 1.5 [1]. , 3];'me e atile haholo linaheng tse nang le chelete e tlaase, 'me hangata mafu a tšoaetsanoa a hlaha likarolong tsa Asia, Afrika le Latin America [4].Bana ba sekolo sa mathomo ba lilemo li 2 ho isa ho tse 4 (PSAC) le bana ba sekolo ba lilemo li 5 ho isa ho tse 12 (SAC) tse hlaselehang habonolo, tse nang le ts'oaetso e phahameng ka ho fetesisa le matla a ts'oaetso. Lintlha tse fumanehang li fana ka maikutlo a hore li-PSAC tse fetang limilione tse 267.5 le li-SAC tse fetang limilione tse 568.7 li lula libakeng tse nang le tšoaetso e matla ea STH 'me li hloka chemotherapy e thibelang [5].Moroalo oa lefats'e oa STH o hakanngoa. ho ba limilione tse 19.7-3.3 lilemo tsa bophelo tse fetotsoeng tsa bokooa (DALYs) [6, 7].
Tšoaetso ea STH e ka 'na ea lebisa ho haelloa ke phepo e nepahetseng le ho senyeha ha' mele le tsoelo-pele ea kelello, haholo-holo ho bana [8]. Tšoaetso ea STH e matla haholo e mpefatsa lefu [9,10,11].Polyparasitism (tšoaetso ea likokoana-hloko tse ngata) e boetse e bontšitsoe hore e amana ka lefu le phahameng le ho eketseha ha ts'oaetso ho mafu a mang [10, 11]. Liphello tse mpe tsa tšoaetso ena li ka ama bophelo bo botle feela empa hape le tlhahiso ea moruo [8, 12].
Philippines ke naha e nang le chelete e tlaase le e bohareng.Ka 2015, hoo e ka bang 21.6% ea baahi ba Philippines ba limilione tse 100.98 ba ne ba lula ka tlas'a moeli oa bofuma ba naha [13].E boetse e na le tse ling tse ngata ka ho fetisisa tsa STH Asia Boroa-bochabela [14] .Lintlha tsa 2019 tse tsoang Lefapheng la WHO Preventive Chemotherapy Database li bontša hore bana ba ka bang limilione tse 45 ba kotsing ea ho tšoaetsoa e hlokang phekolo ea meriana [15].
Le hoja mehato e mengata e meholo e qalile ho laola kapa ho sitisa phetisetso, STH e ntse e atile haholo Philippines [16]. Sehloohong sena, re fana ka kakaretso ea boemo ba hona joale ba tšoaetso ea STH Philippines;totobatsa boiteko ba nakong e fetileng le bo ntseng bo tsoela pele ba ho laola, ho ngola liphephetso le mathata a ts'ebetsong ea lenaneo, ho hlahloba phello ea eona ho fokotsa moroalo oa STH, le ho fana ka maikutlo a ka khonehang bakeng sa taolo ea liboko tsa mala .Ho fumaneha ha boitsebiso bona ho ka fana ka motheo oa ho rera le ho kenya ts'ebetsong a lenaneo le tsitsitseng la taolo ea STH naheng.
Tlhahlobo ena e lebisa tlhokomelo ho likokoana-hloko tse 'nè tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa tsa STH - roundworm, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus le Ancylostoma duodenale.Le hoja Ancylostoma ceylanicum e hlaha e le mofuta oa bohlokoa oa li-zoonotic hookworm Asia Boroa-bochabela, boitsebiso bo fokolang bo fumaneha hona joale Philippines 'me bo ke ke ba tšohloa. Mona.
Leha sena e se tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng, mokhoa o sebelisoang bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng o tjena.Re batlile liphuputso tse nepahetseng tse tlalehang ho ata ha STH naheng ea Philippines re sebelisa marang-rang a PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, le Google Scholar.Mantsoe a latelang e ne e le e sebelisoa e le mantsoe a bohlokoa ha ho batloa: (“Helminthiases” kapa liboko tse tsamaisoang ke mobu” kapa “STH” kapa “Ascaris lumbricoides” kapa “Trichuris trichiura” kapa “Ancylostoma spp.” kapa “Necator americanus” kapa “Roundworm” kapa “Whichworm” kapa “Hookworm”) le (“Epidemiology”) le (“Philippines”).Ha ho na thibelo selemong sa phatlalatso.Lingoliloeng tse khethiloeng ka mekhoa ea ho batla li ne li hlahlobjoa qalong ka sehlooho le litaba tse sa bonahaleng, tse sa batlisisoang bonyane Lingoliloeng tse tharo tse nang le ho ata kapa matla a e 'ngoe ea li-STH li ne li sa kenyelletsoa.Tlhahlobo ea mongolo o felletseng e ne e kenyelletsa lithuto tsa tlhokomeliso (karolo ea likarolo, taolo ea linyeoe, nako e telele / sehlopha) kapa liteko tse laoloang tse tlalehang ho ata ha motheo.Ho ntšoa ha lintlha ho kenyelelitse sebaka sa thuto, selemo sa thuto, selemo sa khatiso ea thuto, mofuta oa thuto (karolo ea likarolo, taolo ea linyeoe, kapa longitudinal / cohort), boholo ba sampuli, palo ea batho ba ithutoang, ho ata le matla a STH ka 'ngoe, le mokhoa o sebelisoang ho hlahloba.
Ho ipapisitsoe le lipatlisiso tsa lingoliloeng, kakaretso ea lirekoto tsa 1421 li ile tsa khetholloa ka lipatlisiso tsa database [PubMed (n = 322);Likarolo (n = 13);ProQuest (n = 151) le Google Scholar (n = 935)]. Kakaretso ea lipampiri tse 48 li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho latela tlhahlobo ea sehlooho, lipampiri tsa 6 li ne li sa kenyelletsoa, 'me kakaretso ea lipampiri tse 42 li ile tsa qetella li kenyelelitsoe ho qualitative synthesis (Setšoantšo sa 1). ).
Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1970, liphuputso tse ngata li 'nile tsa etsoa Philippines ho fumana hore na ho ata le ho matlafala ha tšoaetso ea STH. mokhoa oa ether concentration (FEC) o neng o sebelisoa hangata matsatsing a pele (1970-1998). Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa oa Kato-Katz (KK) o 'nile oa sebelisoa ka ho eketsehileng lilemong tse latelang' me o sebelisoa e le mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho hlahloba mekhoa ea ho hlahloba mekhoa ea ho laola STH naheng ea naha. lipatlisiso.
Tšoaetso ea STH e bile bothata bo boholo ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba Philippines, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke lithuto tse entsoeng ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1970 ho isa ho 2018. ho ata ha tšoaetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e tlalehiloeng ho PSAC le SAC [17]. Lihlopha tsena tsa lilemo li kotsing e kholo hobane bana bana ba atisa ho pepesehela STH libakeng tsa ka ntle.
Histori, pele ho ts'ebetsong ea Lenaneo la Taolo e Kopanetsoeng ea Helminth ea Lefapha la Bophelo (IHCP), ho ata ha tšoaetso leha e le efe ea STH le tšoaetso e matla ho bana ba lilemo tse 1-12 ho tloha ho 48.6-66.8% ho ea ho 9.9-67.4%, ka ho latellana.
Lintlha tsa STH tse tsoang ho National Schistosomiasis Survey ea lilemo tsohle ho tloha 2005 ho ea 2008 li bontšitse hore tšoaetso ea STH e ne e atile libakeng tse tharo tse kholo tsa libaka tsa naha, le A. lumbricoides le T. trichiura li atile haholo Visayas [16].
Ka 2009, litlhahlobo tse latelang tsa 2004 [20] le 2006 SAC [21] National STH Prevalence Surveys li ile tsa etsoa ho hlahloba phello ea IHCP [26]. Ho ata ha STH leha e le efe e ne e le 43.7% ho PSAC (66% ka 2004 phuputso) le 44.7% ho SAC (54% ho phuputso ea 2006) [26]. Lipalo tsena li tlase haholo ho feta tse tlalehiloeng liphuputsong tse peli tse fetileng.Sekhahla se phahameng sa tšoaetso ea STH e ne e le 22.4% ho PSAC ka 2009 (ha e bapisoa le phuputso ea 2004 hobane kakaretso ea tšoaetso e matla e ne e sa tlalehoa) le 19.7% ho SAC (ha e bapisoa le 23.1% phuputsong ea 2006), phokotso ea 14% [26]. STH ho baahi ba PSAC le SAC ha e e-so fihlelle sepheo se hlalositsoeng ke WHO sa 2020 sa ho ata ka tlase ho 20% le sekhahla se matla sa tšoaetso ea STH se ka tlase ho 1% ho bonts'a taolo ea mafu [27, 48].
Liphuputso tse ling tse sebelisang lipatlisiso tsa likokoana-hloko tse entsoeng ka nako e ngata (2006-2011) ho shebella phello ea MDA ea sekolo ho SAC e bontšitse mekhoa e tšoanang [22, 28, 29]. ;leha ho le joalo, leha e le efe STH (range, 44.3% ho 47.7%) le tšoaetso e matla (range, 14.5% ho 24.6%) e tlalehiloeng liphuputsong tse latelang Ho ata ha lefu lena ho ntse ho le holimo [22, 28, 29], hape ho bontša hore ho ata ha ho so theohele boemong bo hlalositsoeng ke WHO ba taolo ea liketsahalo (Letlapa la 1).
Lintlha tse tsoang lithutong tse ling tse latelang ho hlahisoa ha IHCP Philippines ho 2007-2018 li bonts'itse ho ata ha STH ho PSAC le SAC (Letlapa la 1) [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. ].Ho ata ha STH leha e le efe e tlalehiloeng liphuputsong tsena ho tloha ho 24.9% ho ea ho 97.4% (ka KK), 'me ho ata ha tšoaetso e itekanetseng ho ea ho e matla ho tloha ho 5.9% ho ea ho 82.6%.A.lumbricoides le T. trichiura e ntse e le li-STH tse atileng ka ho fetisisa, tse nang le ts'oaetso ho tloha ho 15.8-84.1% ho ea ho 7.4-94.4%, ka ho latellana, ha li-hookworms li atisa ho ba le tšoaetso e tlaase, ho tloha ho 1.2% ho ea ho 25.3% [30,31, 32,33 ,34,35,36,37,38,39] (Letlapa la 1). Leha ho le joalo, ka 2011, phuputso e sebelisang molecular diagnostic quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) e bontšitse ho ata ha hookworm (Ancylostoma spp.) ea 48.1 % [45] .Co-infection ea batho ba nang le A. lumbricoides le T. trichiura le eona e 'nile ea hlokomeloa khafetsa lithutong tse' maloa [26, 31, 33, 36, 45].
Mokhoa oa KK o khothaletsoa ke WHO bakeng sa boiketlo ba eona ba ho sebelisoa tšimong le litšenyehelo tse tlaase [46], haholo-holo bakeng sa ho hlahloba merero ea phekolo ea 'muso bakeng sa taolo ea STH. thuto ea 2014 Profinseng ea Laguna, tšoaetso efe kapa efe ea STH (33.8% bakeng sa KK vs 78.3% bakeng sa qPCR), A. lumbricoides (20.5% KK vs 60.8% bakeng sa qPCR) le T. trichiura (KK 23.6% vs 38.8% bakeng sa qPCR). Ho boetse ho na le tšoaetso ea hookworm [6.8% ea ho ata;e kenyelletsa Ancylostoma spp.(4.6%) le N. americana (2.2%)] ba ile ba fumanoa ba sebelisa qPCR 'me ba ahloloa hampe ke KK [36]. Ho ata ha' nete ha tšoaetso ea hookworm ho ka 'na ha khelloa fatše haholo hobane lysis e potlakileng ea mahe a hookworm e hloka phetoho e potlakileng. bakeng sa ho lokisetsa li-slide tsa KK le ho bala [36,45,47], mokhoa oo hangata ho leng thata ho o finyella tlas'a maemo a tšimo.Ho feta moo, mahe a mefuta ea li-hookworm a fapane le morphologically, e leng se bakang phephetso e eketsehileng bakeng sa boitsebiso bo nepahetseng [45].
Leano le ka sehloohong la taolo ea STH le buelloang ke WHO le tsepamisitse maikutlo ho chemotherapy ea boima ba prophylactic lealbendazolekapa mebendazole lihlopheng tse kotsing e kholo, ka sepheo sa ho phekola bonyane 75% ea PSAC le SAC ka 2020 [48] .Pele ho qalisoa ha morao tjena ho Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Roadmap ho 2030, WHO e khothalelitse hore PSAC, SAC le basali ba lilemo tsa ho ba le bana (lilemo tse 15-49, ho kopanyelletsa le ba trimester ea bobeli le ea boraro) ba fumana tlhokomelo e tloaelehileng [49] Ho phaella moo, tataiso ena e kenyelletsa bana ba banyenyane (likhoeli tse 12-23) le banana ba lilemong tsa bocha (lilemo tse 10-19) [ 49], empa ha e kenyeletse litlhahiso tse fetileng bakeng sa phekolo ea batho ba baholo ba kotsing e kholo ea mosebetsi [50] .WHO e khothalletsa MDA ea selemo le selemo bakeng sa bana ba banyenyane, PSAC, SAC, banana ba lilemong tsa bocha, le basali ba lilemo tsa ho ba le bana libakeng tse nang le tšoaetso ea STH pakeng tsa 20% le 50 %, kapa halofo ea selemo haeba ho ata ho ka holimo ho 50%.Ho basali ba bakhachane, nako ea phekolo ha e e-s'o thehoe [49]. Ho phaella ho chemotherapy e thibelang, WHO e hatelletse metsi, bohloeki le bohloeki (WASH) e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea taolo ea STH [ 48, 49].
IHCP e ile ea qalisoa ka 2006 ho fana ka tataiso ea leano bakeng sa taolo ea STH le mafu a mang a helminth [20, 51].albendazolekapa chemotherapy ea mebendazole e le leano le ka sehloohong la taolo ea mafu a likobo, e tobane le bana ba lilemo tse 1-12 le lihlopha tse ling tse kotsing e kholo joalo ka bakhachane, basali ba lilemong tsa bocha, lihoai, ba sebetsanang le lijo le batho ba matsoalloa. Mananeo a taolo le ona a tlatselletsoa ka ho kenya metsi. le lits'ebeletso tsa likhoerekhoere hammoho le mekhoa ea ntlafatso ea bophelo bo botle le thuto [20, 46].
MDA ea halofo ea selemo ea PSAC e etsoa haholo-holo ke litsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba barangay (motse), basebeletsi ba bophelo bo botle ba koetlisitsoeng ba barangay le basebeletsi ba tlhokomelo ea mots'eare libakeng tsa sechaba joalo ka Garantisadong Pambata kapa "Bana ba Bophelo bo Botle" (morero o fanang ka morero) oa Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo tsa PSAC) , ha MDA ea SAC e okametsoe le ho kengoa ts'ebetsong ke Lefapha la Thuto (DepEd) [20].MDA likolong tsa mathomo tsa sechaba e tsamaisoa ke matichere tlas'a tataiso ea basebeletsi ba bophelo bo botle nakong ea kotara ea pele le ea boraro ea selemo se seng le se seng sa sekolo [20]. Ka 2016, Lekala la Bophelo le ile la fana ka litataiso tse ncha tse kenyelletsang ho bolaea liboko likolong tse mahareng (bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18) [52].
MDA ea pele ea naha ea selemo le selemo e ile ea etsoa baneng ba lilemo tse 1-12 ka 2006 [20] 'me e tlaleha ts'ebetso ea deworming ea 82.8% ea 6.9 milione ea PSAC le 31.5% ea 6.3 milione ea SACs [53] Leha ho le joalo, ts'oaetso ea MDA e theohile haholo ho tloha ho 209. ho ea ho 2014 (e fapaneng 59.5% ho 73.9%), palo e tsitsitseng ka tlase ho tekanyo e khothalletsoang ke WHO ea 75% [54] .Tlhaloso e tlaase ea deworming e ka 'na ea bakoa ke ho hloka tlhokomeliso ea bohlokoa ba phekolo e tloaelehileng [55], ho se utloisisane ha MDA. maqheka [56, 57], ho hloka kholiseho ho lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang [58], le tšabo ea liketsahalo tse mpe [55, 56, 58, 59, 60]. Tšabo ea bokooa ba tsoalo e tlalehiloe e le lebaka le leng la hore basali ba bakhachane ba hane kalafo ea STH. [61] .Ho feta moo, litaba tsa phepelo le thepa ea lithethefatsi tsa MDA li khethiloe e le bofokoli bo boholo bo kopaneng le ts'ebetsong ea MDA naheng ka bophara [54].
Ka 2015, DOH e ile ea sebelisana 'moho le DepEd ho tšoara letsatsi la sethatho la National School Deworming Day (NSDD), le ikemiselitseng ho leleka li-SAC tse ka bang limilione tse 16 (likereiti tsa 1 ho isa ho 6) tse ngolisitseng likolong tsohle tsa mathomo tsa sechaba ka letsatsi le le leng [62]. -Mohato o thehiloeng ho eona o ile oa fella ka sekhahla sa tšireletso sa naha sa 81%, se phahameng ho feta lilemong tse fetileng [54]. litlaleho tse eketsehileng tsa liketsahalo tse mpe ka mor'a MDA (AEFMDA) Hloahloeng ea Zamboanga, Mindanao [63] .Leha ho le joalo, phuputso ea ho laola linyeoe e bontšitse hore ho ba nyeoe ea AEFMDA e ne e amahanngoa le histori ea pele ea deworming [63].
Ka 2017, Lekala la Bophelo le ile la hlahisa ente e ncha ea dengue 'me ea e fa bana ba sekolo ba ka bang 800,000. Ho fumaneha ha ente ena ho hlahisitse mathata a mangata a tšireletso 'me ho entse hore ho se tšepane ho eketsehileng mananeong a DOH, ho kenyeletsa le lenaneo la MDA [64, 65]. Ka lebaka leo, tšireletso ea likokoanyana e theohile ho tloha ho 81% le 73% ea PSAC le SAC ka 2017 ho ea ho 63% le 52% ka 2018, le ho 60% le 59% ka 2019 [15].
Ho feta moo, ho latela seoa sa hajoale sa lefats'e sa COVID-19 (coronavirus lefu la 2019), Lekala la Bophelo le fane ka Memorandum ea Lefapha No. 19 Pandemic 》” Phuptjane 23, 2020, e fana ka hore MDA e emisoe ho fihlela tsebiso e ngoe.Ka lebaka la ho koaloa ha likolo, sechaba se lula se loants'a bana ba lilemo tse 1-18, se aba litlhare ka ho etela ntlo le ntlo kapa libakeng tse tsitsitseng, ha se ntse se boloka sebaka sa 'mele se shebileng COVID-19 -19 mehato e nepahetseng ea thibelo le taolo ea ts'oaetso [66].Leha ho le joalo, lithibelo mabapi le motsamao oa batho le matšoenyeho a sechaba ka lebaka la seoa sa COVID-19 li ka lebisa tlhokomelong e tlase ea kalafo.
WASH ke e 'ngoe ea mehato ea bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea STH e hlalositsoeng ke IHCP [20, 46].Ena ke lenaneo le kenyelletsang mekhatlo e mengata ea mmuso, ho kenyeletsa Lekala la Bophelo, Lekala la Litaba tsa Lehae le Puso ea Libaka (DILG), Litsi tsa Puso ea Libaka ( LGU) le Lekala la Thuto.Lenaneo la sechaba la WASH le kenyeletsa phano ea metsi a bolokehileng, e etelletsoeng pele ke mafapha a puso ea libaka, ka ts'ehetso ea DILG [67], le ntlafatso ea likhoerekhoere tse kentsoeng tšebetsong ke DOH ka thuso ea mafapha a puso ea libaka, ho fana ka matloana le matloana. lithuso bakeng sa kaho ea matloana [68, 69] ].Ho sa le joalo, lenaneo la WASH likolong tsa mathomo tsa sechaba le okametsoe ke Lekala la Thuto ka tšebelisano le Lekala la Bophelo.
Lintlha tsa morao-rao tse tsoang ho Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 2017 National Population Health Survey e bontša hore 95% ea malapa a Mafilipino a fumana metsi a nooang ho tsoa mehloling e ntlafetseng ea metsi, ka karolo e kholo ka ho fetisisa (43%) ho tloha metsing a libotlolo le 26% feela ho tsoa mehloling ea liphaephe[ 70] e fumane.Kotara ea malapa a Mafilipino a ntse a sebelisa lits'ebeletso tsa likhoerekhoere tse sa khotsofatseng [70];hoo e ka bang 4.5% ea baahi ba ithorisa pepeneneng, e leng tloaelo e imenne habeli libakeng tsa mahaeng (6%) ho feta libakeng tsa litoropo (3%) [70].
Litlaleho tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fana ka lisebelisoa tsa tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere feela ha ho tiise hore li sebelisoa, ebile ha ho ntlafatse mekhoa ea tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere le bohloeki [32, 68, 69] Har'a malapa a se nang matloana, mabaka a atisang ho boleloa a ho se ntlafatse tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere a ne a kenyelletsa lithibelo tsa theknoloji (ke hore, khaello ea sebaka ka tlung bakeng sa ntloana kapa tanka ea septic ho potoloha ntlo, le lintlha tse ling tsa sebaka se kang maemo a mobu le ho ba haufi le litsela tsa metsi), Beng ba mobu le khaello ea lichelete [71, 72].
Ka 2007, Lefapha la Bophelo la Philippines le ile la amohela mokhoa oa tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere (CLTS) o tsamaisitsoeng ke sechaba ka East Asia Sustainable Health Development Programme [68, 73] .CLTS ke khopolo ea bohloeki bo feletseng bo kenyeletsang mefuta e mengata ea boitšoaro bo kang ho emisa ho bula. ho ntša bohloeki, ho etsa bonnete ba hore motho e mong le e mong o sebelisa matloana a bohloeki, ho hlapa matsoho khafetsa le ka tsela e nepahetseng, tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere ea lijo le metsi, ho lahloa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ha liphoofolo le litšila tsa liphoofolo, le ho theha le ho hlokomela tikoloho e Hloekileng le e bolokehileng [68, 69]. Mokhoa oa CLTS, boemo ba ODF ba metsaneng bo lokela ho behoa leihlo ka ho tsoelang pele esita le ka mor'a hore mesebetsi ea CLTS e felisoe. ho hloka ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebeletso tsa likhoerekhoere, ho ka 'na ha boela ha qaleha ho hloekisoa ho bulehileng, le tšireletso e tlaase ea MDA [32].
Mananeo a WASH a kengoang tšebetsong likolong a latela maano a hatisitsoeng ke DOH le DepEd.Ka 1998, Lefapha la Bophelo bo Botle le ile la fana ka Melao le Melaoana ea Phethahatso ea Melao ea Sekolo sa Bophelo bo Botle ba Sekolo sa Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo (IRR) (PD No. 856) [74].This IRR e beha melao le melaoana ea bohloeki ba likolo le tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere e khotsofatsang, ho kenyeletsoa matloana, phepelo ea metsi, le paballo le tlhokomelo ea litsi tsena [74].Leha ho le joalo, litlhahlobo tsa tšebetso ea Lekala la Thuto ea ho kenya tšebetsong lenaneo liprofinseng tse khethiloeng li bontša hore ha e qobelloe ka thata mme tšehetso ea lichelete ha e lekane [57, 75, 76, 77]. Ka hona, ho beha leihlo le ho hlahloba ho ntse ho le bohlokoa ho netefatsa ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetsong ea Lekala la Thuto ea lenaneo la WASH.
Ho phaella moo, ho theha mekhoa e metle ea bophelo bo botle bakeng sa liithuti, Lekala la Thuto le fane ka Taelo ea Lefapha (DO) No. 56, Article 56.2009 e nang le sehlooho se reng "Hang-hang ho haha litsi tsa metsi le ho hlatsoa matsoho likolong tsohle ho thibela Influenza A (H1N1)" le DO No. 65, leq.2009 e nang le sehlooho se reng "Lenaneo la Bohlokoa la Tlhokomelo ea Bophelo (EHCP) bakeng sa Bana ba Sekolo" [78, 79] .Le hoja lenaneo la pele le ne le etselitsoe ho thibela ho ata ha H1N1, sena se boetse se amana le taolo ea STH.E qetellang e latela mokhoa o loketseng oa sekolo le e tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a litšebetso tse tharo tsa bophelo bo botle ba likolo tse thehiloeng bopaking: ho hlapa matsoho ka sesepa, ho hlapa ka sesepa sa meno se nang le fluoridated e le mosebetsi oa sehlopha sa letsatsi le letsatsi, le STH's biannual MDA [78, 80].Ka 2016, EHCP e se e kopantsoe lenaneong la WASH In Schools (WINS) .E ile ea atolosoa ho kenyelletsa phano ea metsi, tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere, ho sebetsana le lijo le ho li lokisa, ntlafatso ea bohloeki (mohlala, taolo ea bohloeki ba ho ilela khoeli), ho bolaea liboko le thuto ea bophelo bo botle [79].
Le hoja ka kakaretso WASH e kenyelelitsoe lithutong tsa sekolo sa mathomo [79], ho kenngoa ha tšoaetso ea STH e le lefu le bothata ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ho ntse ho haella.Phuputso ea morao tjena likolong tsa mathomo tsa sechaba tse khethiloeng profinseng ea Cagayan e tlaleha hore thuto ea bophelo bo botle e amanang le WASH ke e sebetsa ho baithuti bohle ho sa tsotelehe boemo ba mophato le mofuta oa sekolo, hape e kopantsoe le lithuto tse ngata mme e sebelisoa haholo.Ho fana ka maikutlo (ke hore, lisebelisoa tse khothalletsang thuto ea bophelo bo botle li hlahisoa ka pono ka litlelaseng, libakeng tsa WASH, le ho pholletsa le sekolo) [57] Leha ho le joalo, thuto e tšoanang e ile ea fana ka maikutlo a hore matichere a lokela ho koetlisoa ka STH le deworming ho tebisa kutloisiso ea bona ea likokoana-hloko le ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea bona ea likokoana-hloko. utloisisa STH e le taba ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le: lihlooho tse amanang le phetisetso ea STH, kotsi ea tšoaetso, kotsi ea tšoaetso e tla khanna ka mor'a sebōkō se bulehileng le mekhoa ea ho tsosolosa e ile ea kenngoa kharikhulamong ea sekolo [57].
Liphuputso tse ling li boetse li bontšitse kamano pakeng tsa thuto ea bophelo bo botle le ho amoheloa ha phekolo [56, 60] e fanang ka maikutlo a hore thuto e ntlafetseng ea bophelo bo botle le ts'ehetso (ho ntlafatsa tsebo ea STH le ho lokisa maikutlo a fosahetseng a MDA mabapi le phekolo le melemo) e ka eketsa karolo ea phekolo ea MDA le ho amoheloa [56], 60].
Ho feta moo, bohlokoa ba thuto ea bophelo bo botle ho susumetsa boitšoaro bo botle bo amanang le bohloeki bo 'nile ba tsejoa e le e' ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa ts'ebetsong ea WASH [33, 60]. 32, 33]. Lintho tse kang mekhoa ea ho senya le ho hloka tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa bohloeki li ka 'na tsa susumetsa liphello tse bulehileng tsa ho senya [68, 69].Phuputsong e' ngoe, bohloeki bo bobe bo ne bo amahanngoa le kotsi e kholo ea ho se tsebe ho bala le ho ngola har'a li-SAC tsa Visayas [ 81].Ka hona, ho kenyelletsoa ha thuto ea bophelo bo botle le mekhoa ea ts'ebetso e reretsoeng ho ntlafatsa mekhoa ea malapa le bohloeki, hammoho le ho amoheloa le tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa tsena tsa bophelo bo botle, li lokela ho kenngoa ho boloka ts'ebetso ea mekhoa ea WASH.
Lintlha tse bokelitsoeng lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng li bontša hore ho ata le matla a tšoaetso ea STH har'a bana ba ka tlaase ho lilemo tse 12 Philippines e ntse e le holimo, ho sa tsotellehe boiteko bo sa tšoaneng ba 'muso oa Philippines. e khetholloa ho etsa bonnete ba hore MDA e fana ka ts'ebetso e phahameng. Hape ke habohlokoa ho nahana ka katleho ea meriana e 'meli e sebelisoang hona joale lenaneong la taolo ea STH (albendazole le mebendazole), kaha ts'oaetso ea T. trichiura e phahameng ka mokhoa o tšosang e tlalehiloe liphuputsong tse ling tsa morao tjena Philippines [33, 34, 42]. Lithethefatsi tse peli li tlalehoa li sa sebetse hantle khahlanong le T. trichiura, ka litekanyetso tse kopantsoeng tsa phekolo ea 30.7% le 42.1% bakeng saalbendazolele mebendazole, ka ho latellana, le phokotso ea 49.9% le 66.0% ea ho tsoala [82].Ka lebaka la hore lithethefatsi tsena tse peli li na le liphello tse fokolang tsa phekolo, sena se ka ba le liphello tsa bohlokoa libakeng tseo Trichomonas e leng teng.Chemotherapy e ne e atleha ho fokotsa maemo a tšoaetso le ho fokotsa moroalo oa helminth ho batho ba tšoaelitsoeng ka tlase ho sekhahla sa ts'oaetso, empa katleho e fapane har'a mefuta ea STH. Ha e le hantle, lithethefatsi tse teng ha li thibele ho ts'oaroa hape, e ka hlahang hang ka mor'a phekolo.Ka hona, lithethefatsi tse ncha le mekhoa ea ho kopanya lithethefatsi e ka 'na ea hlokoa nakong e tlang [83] .
Hajoale, ha ho na kalafo ea MDA e tlamang bakeng sa batho ba baholo naheng ea Philippines.IHCP e shebana feela le bana ba lilemo tse 1-18, hammoho le ho khetha liboko tsa lihlopha tse ling tse kotsing e kholo joalo ka bakhachane, basali ba lilemong tsa bocha, lihoai, batho ba sebetsanang le lijo, le baahi ba matsoalloa [46] Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa ea morao-rao ea lipalo [84,85,86] le litlhahlobo tse hlophisitsoeng le litlhahlobo tsa meta [87] li fana ka maikutlo a hore katoloso ea sechaba ka bophara ea mananeo a deworming ho koahela lihlopha tsohle tsa lilemo ho ka fokotsa ho ata ha STH ho. batho ba kotsing e kholo.- Lihlopha tsa bana ba sekolo ba kotsing. Leha ho le joalo, ho phahamisa MDA ho tloha tsamaisong ea lithethefatsi e lebisitsoeng ho sechaba ka bophara ho ka ba le liphello tsa bohlokoa tsa moruo bakeng sa mananeo a taolo ea STH ka lebaka la tlhokahalo ea lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng. letšolo la lymphatic filariasis Philippines le totobatsa monyetla oa ho fana ka phekolo ea sechaba ka bophara [52].
Ho lebeletsoe ho tsoha hape ha mafu a tšoaetsanoang ke mafu a tšoaetsanoang ke mafu a tšoaetsanoang ke mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang a mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang a mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka mafu a tšoaetsanoang a amanang le mafu a tšoaetsanoang a amanang le mafu a tšoaetsanoang a mafu a tšoaetsanoang a lebeletsoe ha matšolo a likolong a MDA khahlanong le STH ho pholletsa le Philippines a felile ka lebaka la seoa se ntseng se tsoela pele sa COVID-19. e le bothata ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba (EPHP) ka 2030 (e hlalosoang e le ho finyella <2% ea ho ata ha tšoaetso e itekanetseng ho ea holimo ho SAC [88]]) e ka 'na ea se ke ea finyelloa, le hoja mekhoa ea ho fokotsa ho etsa li-rounds tsa MDA tse lahlehileng ( ke hore ho fana ka MDA e phahameng,> 75%) ho ka ba molemo [89].Ka hona, mekhoa e mengata ea taolo e tsitsitseng ea ho eketsa MDA e hlokahala ka potlako ho loantša tšoaetso ea STH Philippines.
Ho phaella ho MDA, tšitiso ea phetisetso e hloka liphetoho boitšoarong ba bohloeki, ho fumana metsi a sireletsehileng, le bohloeki bo ntlafetseng ka mananeo a sebetsang a WASH le CLTS. Leha ho le joalo, ka mokhoa o nyahamisang, ho na le litlaleho tsa lisebelisoa tsa bohloeki tse sa sebelisoeng tse fanoeng ke mebuso ea libaka metseng e meng, e bontšang mathata a ts'ebetsong ea WASH [68, 69, 71, 72]. Ho phaella moo, ho ata ha STH ho ile ha tlalehoa lichabeng tse ileng tsa finyella boemo ba ODF ka mor'a ho kenya ts'ebetsong ea CLTS ka lebaka la ho tsosolosoa ha boitšoaro bo bulehileng le tšireletso ea MDA e tlaase [32]. tlhokomeliso ea STH le ho ntlafatsa mekhoa ea bohloeki ke litsela tsa bohlokoa tsa ho fokotsa kotsi ea motho ea tšoaetso 'me ha e le hantle ke li-supplement tse theko e tlaase ho mananeo a MDA le WASH.
Thuto ea bophelo bo botle e fanoang likolong e ka thusa ho matlafatsa le ho ntlafatsa tsebo e akaretsang le tlhokomeliso ea STH har'a liithuti le batsoali, ho kenyeletsoa le ho nahanoang melemo ea deworming.Lenaneo la "Magic Glasses" ke mohlala oa ho kenella ha thuto ea bophelo bo botle haholo morao tjena likolong.Sena ke ts'ebetso e khutšoanyane ea li-cartoon e etselitsoeng ho ruta liithuti ka ts'oaetso ea STH le thibelo, ho fana ka bopaki ba molao-motheo oa hore thuto ea bophelo bo botle e ka ntlafatsa tsebo le ho susumetsa boitšoaro bo amanang le tšoaetso ea STH [90] .Mokhoa ona o ile oa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ho liithuti tsa sekolo sa mathomo sa Chaena Hunan. Profinse, le ts'oaetso ea ts'oaetso ea STH e fokotsehile ka 50% likolong tsa ho kenella ha li bapisoa le likolo tsa taolo (likhakanyo karolelano = 0.5, 95% nako ea tšepo: 0.35-0.7, P <0.0001) .90].Sena se fetotsoe 'me se lekoa ka matla Philippines [91] le Vietnam;'me hona joale e ntse e ntlafatsoa bakeng sa sebaka se ka tlaase sa Mekong, ho kenyelletsa le ho ikamahanya le tšoaetso ea kankere ea sebete ea Opisthorchis. Phihlelo linaheng tse' maloa tsa Asia, haholo-holo Japane, Korea le Profinseng ea Taiwan ea Chaena, li bontšitse hore ka MDA, thuto ea bohloeki e nepahetseng le bohloeki e le karolo ea merero ea taolo ea naha, ka mekhoa e thehiloeng sekolong le Tšebelisano-'moho ea triangular ho felisa tšoaetso ea STH e ka khoneha ka mekhatlo, mekhatlo e ikemetseng le litsebi tsa saense [92,93,94].
Ho na le merero e mengata naheng ea Philippines e kenyelletsang li-STH controls, tse kang WASH/EHCP kapa WINS e kentsoeng likolong, le CLTS e kentsoeng metseng.Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa menyetla e meholo ea ts'ebetso, ho hlokahala tšebelisano e kholo har'a mekhatlo e sebelisang lenaneo. merero le boiteko ba mekha e mengata joaloka Philippines' bakeng sa taolo ea STH e ka atleha feela ka tšebelisano-'moho ea nako e telele, tšebelisano-'moho le tšehetso ea 'muso oa lehae.Tšehetso ea 'muso bakeng sa ho reka le ho ajoa ha meriana le ho etelletsa pele likarolo tse ling tsa meralo ea taolo, joalo ka joalo ka ha mesebetsi ea ho ntlafatsa tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere le thuto ea bophelo bo botle e hlokahala ho potlakisa phihlello ea lipehelo tsa EPHP tsa 2030 [88]. Ho seng joalo, ho sekisetsa lenaneong le seng le ntse le phephetsoa la taolo ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang le mafu a tšoaetsanoang le mafu a tšoaetsanoang le mafu a tšoaetsanoang le mafu a tšoaetsanoang ho ka baka kotsi e tebileng ea nako e telele sechabeng.Liphello.
Hoo e ka bang lilemo tse mashome a mabeli, Philippines e entse boiteko bo matla ba ho laola tšoaetso ea STH. Leha ho le joalo, ho ata ho tlalehiloeng ha STH ho ntse ho le holimo naheng ka bophara, mohlomong ka lebaka la ho fana ka tšireletso ea MDA le mefokolo ea WASH le mananeo a thuto ea bophelo bo botle.Mebuso ea naha joale e lokela ho nahana ka ho matlafatsa sekolo. -MDAs tse thehilweng hodima di-MDA le ho hodisa diMDA tsa setjhaba ka bophara;ho lekola ka hloko katleho ea lithethefatsi nakong ea liketsahalo tsa MDA le ho batlisisa nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse ncha tsa antihelminthic kapa metsoako ea lithethefatsi;le tokisetso e tsitsitseng ea WASH le thuto ea bophelo bo botle e le mokhoa o pharaletseng oa tlhaselo bakeng sa taolo ea nakong e tlang ea STH Philippines.
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Nako ea poso: Mar-15-2022